python3 类的继承

本文转载：博客园 https://www.cnblogs.com/bigberg/p/7182741.html#_label1_1

类的继承

继承的定义

class Person(object):   # 定义一个父类 
def talk(self):    # 父类中的方法
    print("person is talking....")  


class Chinese(Person):    # 定义一个子类， 继承Person类	 
    def walk(self):      # 在子类中定义其自身的方法
        print('is walking...')
 
c = Chinese()
c.talk()      # 调用继承的Person类的方法
c.walk()     # 调用本身的方法
 
# 输出
 
person is talking....
is walking...

构造函数的继承

如果我们要给实例 c 传参，我们就要使用到构造函数，那么构造函数该如何继承，同时子类中又如何定义自己的属性？

继承类的构造方法：

1.经典类的写法： 父类名称.init(self,参数1，参数2，…)
2. 新式类的写法：super(子类，self).init(参数1，参数2，…)

class Person(object):
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.weight = 'weight'	
         
    def talk(self):
        print("person is talking....")
 
 
class Chinese(Person):	 
    def __init__(self, name, age, language):  # 先继承，在重构
        Person.__init__(self, name, age)  #继承父类的构造方法，也可super(Chinese,self).__init__(name,age)
        self.language = language    # 定义类的本身属性
 
    def walk(self):
        print('is walking...')
 
 
class American(Person):
    pass
 
c = Chinese('bigberg', 22, 'Chinese')

如果我们只是简单的在子类Chinese中定义一个构造函数，其实就是在重构。这样子类就不能继承父类的属性了。所以我们在定义子类的构造函数时，要先继承再构造，这样我们也能获取父类的属性了。

子类构造函数基础父类构造函数过程如下：

实例化对象c ----> c 调用子类__init__() ---- > 子类__init__()继承父类__init__() ----- > 调用父类 init()

子类对父类方法的重写

如果我们对基类/父类的方法需要修改，可以在子类中重构该方法。如下的talk()方法

class Person(object): 
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.weight = 'weight'
 
    def talk(self):
        print("person is talking....")
 
class Chinese(Person):
    def __init__(self, name, age, language): 
        Person.__init__(self, name, age) 
        self.language = language
        print(self.name, self.age, self.weight, self.language)
 
    def talk(self):  # 子类 重构方法
        print('%s is speaking chinese' % self.name)
 
    def walk(self):
        print('is walking...')
 
c = Chinese('bigberg', 22, 'Chinese')
c.talk()
 
# 输出
bigberg 22 weight Chinese
bigberg is speaking chinese

类继承的事例

class SchoolMember(object):
    '''学习成员基类'''
    member = 0
 
    def __init__(self, name, age, sex):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.sex = sex
        self.enroll()
 
    def enroll(self):
        '注册'
        print('just enrolled a new school member [%s].' % self.name)
        SchoolMember.member += 1
 
    def tell(self):
        print('----%s----' % self.name)
        for k, v in self.__dict__.items():
            print(k, v)
        print('----end-----')
 
    def __del__(self):
        print('开除了[%s]' % self.name)
        SchoolMember.member -= 1
 
 
class Teacher(SchoolMember):
    '教师'
    def __init__(self, name, age, sex, salary, course):
        SchoolMember.__init__(self, name, age, sex)
        self.salary = salary
        self.course = course
 
    def teaching(self):
        print('Teacher [%s] is teaching [%s]' % (self.name, self.course))
 
 
class Student(SchoolMember):
    '学生'
 
    def __init__(self, name, age, sex, course, tuition):
        SchoolMember.__init__(self, name, age, sex)
        self.course = course
        self.tuition = tuition
        self.amount = 0
 
    def pay_tuition(self, amount):
        print('student [%s] has just paied [%s]' % (self.name, amount))
        self.amount += amount
 
t1 = Teacher('Wusir', 28, 'M', 3000, 'python')
t1.tell()
s1 = Student('haitao', 38, 'M', 'python', 30000)
s1.tell()
s2 = Student('lichuang', 12, 'M', 'python', 11000)
print(SchoolMember.member)
del s2
 
print(SchoolMember.member)