Python——装饰器

Python中的装饰器是一种强大的工具，允许我们在不修改原始函数代码的基础上，通过在函数定义之前插入一段代码来增强或修改函数的行为。装饰器实质上是一个接收函数作为输入并返回新函数的高阶函数。

以下是一些常见的装饰器类别和示例：

1. 基本装饰器

   def simple_decorator(original_function):
       def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
           print("Before calling original function")
           result = original_function(*args, **kwargs)
           print("After calling original function")
           return result
       return wrapper
   
   @simple_decorator
   def say_hello(name):
       print(f"Hello, {name}!")
   
   say_hello("World")  # 输出：Before calling original function \n Hello, World! \n After calling original function
   

2. 带参数的装饰器

   def logged(prefix=""):
       def decorator(func):
           def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
               print(f"{prefix} Calling {func.__name__}")
               result = func(*args, **kwargs)
               print(f"{prefix} Done with {func.__name__}")
               return result
           return wrapper
       return decorator
   
   @logged(prefix="INFO: ")
   def do_something_useful():
       print("Doing something useful here.")
   
   do_something_useful()  # 输出：INFO: Calling do_something_useful \n Doing something useful here. \n INFO: Done with do_something_useful
   

3. 类装饰器

   class DebugInfo:
       def __init__(self, func):
           self.func = func
   
       def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
           print(f"Calling {self.func.__name__} with args={args}, kwargs={kwargs}")
           result = self.func(*args, **kwargs)
           print(f"Finished {self.func.__name__}")
           return result
   
   @DebugInfo
   def divide(a, b):
       return a / b
   
   print(divide(10, 2))  # 输出：Calling divide with args=(10, 2), kwargs={}
                       # 输出：5.0
                       # 输出：Finished divide
   

4. 使用functools.wraps保留原函数属性

   from functools import wraps
   
   def timing_decorator(func):
       @wraps(func)
       def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
           start_time = time.time()
           result = func(*args, **kwargs)
           end_time = time.time()
           print(f"{func.__name__} took {end_time - start_time:.6f} seconds to run.")
           return result
       return wrapper
   
   @timing_decorator
   def long_running_operation():
       # 假设这里是耗时操作
       time.sleep(2)
   
   long_running_operation()  # 输出：long_running_operation took XX.XX seconds to run.
   

5. Python 3.4+ 的@functools.lru_cache（LRU 缓存）装饰器

   from functools import lru_cache
   
   @lru_cache(maxsize=32)
   def fibonacci(n):
       if n < 2:
           return n
       return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2)
   
   print(fibonacci(30))  # 使用缓存提高重复调用效率
   

以上介绍了几种常见的Python装饰器，它们在实际开发中有着广泛的应用，如日志记录、性能监控、缓存、权限验证等。