Python读书笔记第六章：控制流

1.if语句

#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: if.py 

number = 23
guess = int(raw_input('Enter an integer : '))

if guess == number:
    print 'Congratulations, you guessed it.' # New block starts here
    print "(but you do not win any prizes!)" # New block ends here
elif guess < number:
    print 'No, it is a little higher than that' # Another block
    # You can do whatever you want in a block ...
else:
    print 'No, it is a little lower than that' 
    # you must have guess > number to reach here

print 'Done'
# This last statement is always executed, after the if statement is executed

输出

$ python if.py
Enter an integer : 50
No, it is a little lower than that
Done
$ python if.py
Enter an integer : 22
No, it is a little higher than that
Done
$ python if.py
Enter an integer : 23
Congratulations, you guessed it.
(but you do not win any prizes!)
Done

raw_input:提供一个字符串，该字符串被打印在屏幕上，等待用户输入。一旦输入一些东西，然后按Enter键后，函数返回输入。

if-elif-else语句，必须在逻辑行结尾处有一个冒号，下面跟着相应的语句块

Python中没有switch语句，可以使用if语句来完成同样的工作，在某些场合使用字典会更加快捷。

2.while语句

#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: while.py

number = 23
running = True

while running:
    guess = int(raw_input('Enter an integer : '))

    if guess == number:
        print 'Congratulations, you guessed it.' 
        running = False # this causes the while loop to stop
    elif guess < number:
        print 'No, it is a little higher than that' 
    else:
        print 'No, it is a little lower than that' 
else:
    print 'The while loop is over.' 
    # Do anything else you want to do here

print 'Done'

输出：

$ python while.py
Enter an integer : 50
No, it is a little lower than that.
Enter an integer : 22
No, it is a little higher than that.
Enter an integer : 23
Congratulations, you guessed it.
The while loop is over.
Done

True和False被成为布尔类型。while循环中可以使用一个else从句。

3.for语句

for...in是另外一个循环语句。

#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: for.py

for i in range(1, 5):
    print i
else:
    print 'The for loop is over'

输出：

$ python for.py
1
2
3
4
The for loop is over

使用了内建的range函数生成序列。range返回一个序列的书，这个序列从第一个数开始到第二个数为止（不包括第二个数），默认步长为1，若提供第三个数，他它将成为步长。即range（1，5，2）是指序列[1，3]

for循环也有一个else从句，在for循环结束后执行一次。for...in对于任何序列都适用。

4.break语句

#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: break.py

while True:
    s = raw_input('Enter something : ')
    if s == 'quit':
        break
    print 'Length of the string is', len(s)
print 'Done'

输出：

$ python break.py
Enter something : Programming is fun
Length of the string is 18
Enter something : When the work is done
Length of the string is 21
Enter something : if you wanna make your work also fun:
Length of the string is 37
Enter something :       use Python!
Length of the string is 12
Enter something : quit
Done

len函数获得字符串的长度。

5.continue语句

#!/usr/bin/python
# Filename: continue.py

while True:
    s = raw_input('Enter something : ')
    if s == 'quit':
        break
    if len(s) < 3:
        continue
    print 'Input is of sufficient length'
    # Do other kinds of processing here...

$ python continue.py
Enter something : a
Enter something : 12
Enter something : abc
Input is of sufficient length
Enter something : quit