python3之threading模块(上)

threading模块提供了管理多个线程执行的API。

最简单的用法。就是用一个目标函数实例化一个Thread对象。start()开始工作，join()等待当前线程完成。

import threading


def work():
    print("working")

for i in range(5):
     t = threading.Thread(target=work)
     t.start()
     print("please wait!")
     t.join()

结果

working
please wait!
working
please wait!
working
please wait!
working
please wait!
working

当然也可以传递参数。

import threading

def work(i):
    print("%i is working" %i)
for i in range(5):
    t = threading.Thread(target=work,args=(i,))
    t.start()
    print("please wait!")
    t.join()

 结果

0 is working
please wait!
1 is working
please wait!
2 is working
please wait!
3 is working
please wait!
4 is working
please wait!

确定当前线程

每个Thread实例都有一个带有默认值的名字，也可以传入name参数更改。

import threading
import time
def work():
    print(threading.current_thread().getName(),"starting!")
    time.sleep(0.5)
    print(threading.current_thread().getName(),"end!")

t = threading.Thread(name="worker", target=work)
t.start()
print("please wait!")
t.join()

结果

worker starting!
please wait!
worker end!

出于线程安全的考虑，我们下面用logging模块输出消息。

守护线程与非守护线程

一般来说，程序都会等待所有线程完成工作之后才退出。而守护线程可以一直运行而不阻塞主程序的退出。传入daemon=True或者调用setDaemon()方法并提供参数True来构造守护线程。

import threading
import time
import logging

def daemon():
    logging.debug("start")
    time.sleep(0.5)
    logging.debug("exite")

def non_deamon():
     logging.debug("start")
     logging.debug("exit")

logging.basicConfig(
     level=logging.DEBUG,
     format='(%(threadName)-10s) %(message)s',
 )

d = threading.Thread(name='deamon', target=daemon, daemon=True)
t = threading.Thread(name="non-deamon", target=non_deamon)
d.start()
t.start()

结果中没有看到守护线程的退出的消息，主程序就已经退出了。 

(deamon    ) start
(non-deamon) start
(non-deamon) exit

要等待一个守护线程结束，需要使用join()方法。默认下，join会无限阻塞，但可以传入浮点值。在时间内线程即使未完成，join也会强制返回。

import threading
import time
import logging
def daemon():
    logging.debug("start")
    time.sleep(0.5)
    logging.debug("exite")

def non_deamon():
    logging.debug("start")
    logging.debug("exit")

logging.basicConfig(
    level=logging.DEBUG,
    format='(%(threadName)-10s) %(message)s',
)

d = threading.Thread(name='deamon', target=daemon, daemon=True)
t = threading.Thread(name="non-deamon", target=non_deamon)
d.start()
d.join(0.2)
t.start()

 结果还是没有看到守护线程的结束退出的消息。

deamon    ) start
(non-deamon) start
(non-deamon) exit

枚举所有线程

threading.enumerate()会返回一个Thread实例的一个列表。由于等待当前主程序终止会引入一种死锁的情况，所以跳过这个线程等待。注意根据电脑配置，合理调节线程睡眠时间，否则会由于缺少logging参数而报错。

上述程序各个线程执行的顺序

输出顺序可能不一样，

(Thread-1  ) sleeping 2.50
(Thread-2  ) sleeping 2.00
(Thread-3  ) sleeping 0.50
(MainThread) joining Thread-1
(Thread-3  ) end!
(Thread-2  ) end!
(Thread-1  ) end!
(MainThread) joining Thread-2
(MainThread) joining Thread-3