1、vector(连续的空间存储,可以使用[ ]操作符)可以快速的访问随机的元素,快速的在末尾插入元素,但是在序列中间随机的插入、删除元素要慢。而且,如果一开始分配的空间不够时,有一个重新分配更大空间的过程。
2、deque(小片的连续,小片间用链表相连,实际上内部有一个map的指针,因为知道类型,所以还是可以使用[ ],只是速度没有vector快)快速的访问随机的元素,快速的在开始和末尾插入元素。随机的插入删除元素要慢,空间的从新分配空间后,原有的元素不需要备份。对deque的排序操作,可将deque先复制到vector,排序后再复制回deque
3、list(每个元素间用链表相连)访问随机元素没有vector快,随机地插入元素要比vector快,对每个元素分配空间,不存在空间不够,重新分配的情况。
4、set内部元素唯一,用一棵平衡树结构来存储,因此遍历的时候就排序了,查找也比较快
5、map一对一地映射结合,key没有重复
6、queue的声明queue<int,deque > s是受限的队列,存储的空间由第二个参数的容器确定,第一个参数在没有第二个参数的情况下,决定存储空间类型,第二个参数存在的情况下,第一个类型参数无效。默认情况下是deque类型的,因此可以如此声明queue s1,这样,声明的队列存储空间就是默认的deque。另外,queue第二个参数可以选择的容器类型包括deque、list,其余的如果声明,操作受限。
7、stack的默认存储空间也是deque,其他的声明和queue差不多,可以使用的容器类型包括deque、vector、list,stack是先进后出栈。
1 vector
在内存中分配一块连续的内存空间进行存储。支持不指定vector大小的存储。STL内部实现时,首先分配一个非常大的内存空间预备进行存储,即capacituy()函数返回的大小, 当超过此分配的空间时再整体重新放分配一块内存存储,这给人以vector可以不指定vector即一个连续内存的大小的感觉。通常此默认的内存分配能完成大部分情况下的存储。
优点:(1) 不指定一块内存大小的数组的连续存储,即可以像数组一样操作,但可以对此数组
进行动态操作。通常体现在push_back() pop_back()
(2) 随机访问方便,即支持[ ]操作符和vector.at()
(3) 节省空间。
缺点:(1) 在内部进行插入删除操作效率低。
(2) 只能在vector的最后进行push和pop,不能在vector的头进行 push和pop。
(3) 当动态添加的数据超过vector默认分配的大小时要进行整体的重新分配、拷贝与释
放
2 list
双向链表
每一个结点都包括一个信息快Info、一个前驱指针Pre、一个后驱指针Post。可以不分配必须的内存大小方便的进行添加和删除操作。使用的是非连续的内存空间进行存储。
优点: (1) 不使用连续内存完成动态操作。
(2) 在内部方便的进行插入和删除操作
(3) 可在两端进行push、pop
缺点:(1) 不能进行内部的随机访问,即不支持[ ]操作符和vector.at()
(2) 相对于verctor占用内存多
3 deque
双端队列 double-end queue
deque是在功能上合并了vector和list。
优点: (1) 随机访问方便,即支持[ ]操作符和vector.at()
(2) 在内部方便的进行插入和删除操作
(3) 可在两端进行push、pop
缺点: (1) 占用内存多
使用区别:
1 如果你需要高效的随即存取,而不在乎插入和删除的效率,使用vector
2 如果你需要大量的插入和删除,而不关心随即存取,则应使用list
3 如果你需要随即存取,而且关心两端数据的插入和删除,则应使用deque
#include <vector>
vector属于std命名域的,因此需要通过命名限定,如下完成你的代码:
using std::vector; vector<int> v;
或者连在一起,使用全名:
std::vector<int> v;
建议使用全局的命名域方式:
using namespace std;
1.vector的声明
vector<ElemType> c; 创建一个空的vector
vector<ElemType> c1(c2); 创建一个vector c1,并用c2去初始化c1
vector<ElemType> c(n) ; 创建一个含有n个ElemType类型数据的vector;
vector<ElemType> c(n,elem); 创建一个含有n个ElemType类型数据的vector,并全部初始化为elem;
c.~vector<ElemType>(); 销毁所有数据,释放资源;
2.vector容器中常用的函数。(c为一个容器对象)
c.push_back(elem); 在容器最后位置添加一个元素elem
c.pop_back(); 删除容器最后位置处的元素
c.at(index); 返回指定index位置处的元素
c.begin(); 返回指向容器最开始位置数据的指针
c.end(); 返回指向容器最后一个数据单元的指针+1
c.front(); 返回容器最开始单元数据的引用
c.back(); 返回容器最后一个数据的引用
c.max_size(); 返回容器的最大容量
c.size(); 返回当前容器中实际存放元素的个数
c.capacity(); 同c.size()
c.resize(); 重新设置vector的容量
c.reserve(); 同c.resize()
c.erase(p); 删除指针p指向位置的数据,返回下指向下一个数据位置的指针(迭代器)
c.erase(begin,end) 删除begin,end区间的数据,返回指向下一个数据位置的指针(迭代器)
c.clear(); 清除所有数据
c.rbegin(); 将vector反转后的开始指针返回(其实就是原来的end-1)
c.rend(); 将vector反转后的结束指针返回(其实就是原来的begin-1)
c.empty(); 判断容器是否为空,若为空返回true,否则返回false
c1.swap(c2); 交换两个容器中的数据
c.insert(p,elem); 在指针p指向的位置插入数据elem,返回指向elem位置的指针
c.insert(p,n,elem); 在位置p插入n个elem数据,无返回值
c.insert(p,begin,end) 在位置p插入在区间[begin,end)的数据,无返回值
3.vector中的操作
operator[] 如: c.[i];
同at()函数的作用相同,即取容器中的数据。
在上大致讲述了vector类中所含有的函数和操作,下面继续讨论如何使用vector容器;
1.数据的输入和删除。push_back()与pop_back()
2.元素的访问
3.排序和查询
4.二维容器
C++ STL List队列用法(实例)
#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <numeric>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
//创建一个list容器的实例LISTINT
typedef list<int> LISTINT;
//创建一个list容器的实例LISTCHAR
typedef list<char> LISTCHAR;
void main(void)
{
LISTINT::reverse_iterator ir;
}
#include <iostream>
#include <list>
using namespace std;
typedef list<int> INTLIST;
//从前向后显示list队列的全部元素
void put_list(INTLIST list, char *name)
{
}
//测试list容器的功能
void main(void)
{
//list1对象初始为空
//从list1序列后面添加两个元素
list1.push_back(2);
list1.push_back(4);
cout<<"list1.push_back(2) and list1.push_back(4):"<<endl;
//从list1序列前面添加两个元素
list1.push_front(5);
list1.push_front(7);
cout<<"list1.push_front(5) and list1.push_front(7):"<<endl;
//在list1序列中间插入数据
list1.insert(++list1.begin(),3,9);
cout<<"list1.insert(list1.begin()+1,3,9):"<<endl;
//测试引用类函数
cout<<"list1.front()="<<list1.front()<<endl;
cout<<"list1.back()="<<list1.back()<<endl;
//从list1序列的前后各移去一个元素
list1.pop_front();
list1.pop_back();
cout<<"list1.pop_front() and list1.pop_back():"<<endl;
//清除list1中的第2个元素
list1.erase(++list1.begin());
cout<<"list1.erase(++list1.begin()):"<<endl;
//对list2赋值并显示
list2.assign(8,1);
cout<<"list2.assign(8,1):"<<endl;
//显示序列的状态信息
cout<<"list1.max_size(): "<<list1.max_size()<<endl;
cout<<"list1.size(): "<<list1.size()<<endl;
cout<<"list1.empty(): "<<list1.empty()<<endl;
//list序列容器的运算
cout<<"list1>list3: "<<(list1>list3)<<endl;
cout<<"list1<list3: "<<(list1<list3)<<endl;
//对list1容器排序
list1.sort();
//结合处理
list1.splice(++list1.begin(), list3);
}
map映照容器的数据结构是采用红黑树来实现的,插入键值的元素不允许重复,比较函数只对元素的键值进行比较,元素的各项数据可通过键值检索出来。
使用map容器需要头文件包含语句“#include<map>”, map文件也包含了对multimap多重映照容器的定义。
1、map创建、元素插入和遍历访问
创建map对象,键值与映照数据的类型由自己定义。在没有指定比较函数时,元素的插入位置是按键值由小到大插入到黑白树中去的,下面这个程序详细说明了如何操作map容器。
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Bomi :96
Jack :98.5
Kate :97.5
程序编译试,会产生代号为“warning C4786” 的警告, “4786” 是标记符超长警告的代号。可以在程序的头文件包含代码的前面使用"#pragma waring(disable:4786)" 宏语句,强制编译器忽略该警告。4786号警告对程序的正确性和运行并无影响。
2、删除元素
map映照容器的 erase() 删除元素函数,可以删除某个迭代器位置上的元素、等于某个键值的元素、一个迭代器区间上的所有元素,当然,也可使用clear()方法清空map映照容器。
下面这个程序演示了删除map容器中键值为28的元素:
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10 : x
25 : m
30 : a
3、元素反向遍历
可以用反向迭代器reverse_iterator反向遍历map映照容器中的数据,它需要rbegin()方法和rend()方法指出反向遍历的起始位置和终止位置。
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28 : k
25 : m
10 : x
4、元素的搜索
使用find()方法来搜索某个键值,如果搜索到了,则返回该键值所在的迭代器位置,否则,返回end()迭代器位置。由于map采用黑白树数据结构来实现,所以搜索速度是极快的。
下面这个程序搜索键值为28的元素:
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将元素插入到map中去的时候,map会根据设定的比较函数将该元素放到该放的节点上去。在定义map的时候,如果没有指定比较函数,那么采用默认的比较函数,即按键值由小到大的顺序插入元素。在很多情况下,需要自己编写比较函数。
编写方法有两种。
(1)如果元素不是结构体,那么,可以编写比较函数。下面这个程序编写的比较规则是要求按键值由大到小的顺序将元素插入到map中
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30 :a
28 :k
25 :m
10 :x
(2)如果元素是结构体,那么,可以直接把比较函数写在结构体内。下面的程序详细说明了如何操作:
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10 :Bomi 80
30 :Peti 66.5
25 :Jack 60
6、用map实现数字分离
对数字的各位进行分离,采用取余等数学方法是很耗时的。而把数字当成字符串,使用map的映照功能,很方便地实现了数字分离。下面这个程序将一个字符串中的字符当成数字,并将各位的数值相加,最后输出各位的和。
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在很多情况下,需要实现将数字映射为相应的字符,看看下面的程序:
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The number is 7