linux设备模型五(device和device_driver)

1. 前言

device和device driver是Linux驱动开发的基本概念。Linux kernel的思路很简单:驱动开发,就是要开发指定的软件(driver)以驱动指定的设备(device),所以kernel就为设备和驱动它的driver定义了两个数据结构,分别是device和device_driver。因此本文将会围绕这两个数据结构,介绍Linux设备模型的核心逻辑,包括:

设备及设备驱动在kernel中的抽象、使用和维护;

设备及设备驱动的注册、加载、初始化原理;

设备模型在实际驱动开发过程中的使用方法。

注:在介绍device和device_driver的过程中,会遇到很多额外的知识点,如Class、Bus、DMA、电源管理等等,这些知识点都很复杂,任何一个都可以作为一个单独的专题区阐述,因此本文不会深入解析它们,而会在后续的文章中专门描述。

2. struct device和struct device_driver

在阅读Linux内核源代码时,通过核心数据结构,即可理解某个模块60%以上的逻辑,设备模型部分尤为明显。

在include/linux/device.h中,Linux内核定义了设备模型中最重要的两个数据结构,struct device和struct device_driver。


/**
 * struct device - The basic device structure
 * @parent:	The device's "parent" device, the device to which it is attached.
 * 		In most cases, a parent device is some sort of bus or host
 * 		controller. If parent is NULL, the device, is a top-level device,
 * 		which is not usually what you want.
 * @p:		Holds the private data of the driver core portions of the device.
 * 		See the comment of the struct device_private for detail.
 * @kobj:	A top-level, abstract class from which other classes are derived.
 * @init_name:	Initial name of the device.
 * @type:	The type of device.
 * 		This identifies the device type and carries type-specific
 * 		information.
 * @mutex:	Mutex to synchronize calls to its driver.
 * @bus:	Type of bus device is on.
 * @driver:	Which driver has allocated this
 * @platform_data: Platform data specific to the device.
 * 		Example: For devices on custom boards, as typical of embedded
 * 		and SOC based hardware, Linux often uses platform_data to point
 * 		to board-specific structures describing devices and how they
 * 		are wired.  That can include what ports are available, chip
 * 		variants, which GPIO pins act in what additional roles, and so
 * 		on.  This shrinks the "Board Support Packages" (BSPs) and
 * 		minimizes board-specific #ifdefs in drivers.
 * @driver_data: Private pointer for driver specific info.
 * @power:	For device power management.
 * 		See Documentation/power/devices.txt for details.
 * @pm_domain:	Provide callbacks that are executed during system suspend,
 * 		hibernation, system resume and during runtime PM transitions
 * 		along with subsystem-level and driver-level callbacks.
 * @pins:	For device pin management.
 *		See Documentation/pinctrl.txt for details.
 * @msi_list:	Hosts MSI descriptors
 * @msi_domain: The generic MSI domain this device is using.
 * @numa_node:	NUMA node this device is close to.
 * @dma_mask:	Dma mask (if dma'ble device).
 * @coherent_dma_mask: Like dma_mask, but for alloc_coherent mapping as not all
 * 		hardware supports 64-bit addresses for consistent allocations
 * 		such descriptors.
 * @dma_pfn_offset: offset of DMA memory range relatively of RAM
 * @dma_parms:	A low level driver may set these to teach IOMMU code about
 * 		segment limitations.
 * @dma_pools:	Dma pools (if dma'ble device).
 * @dma_mem:	Internal for coherent mem override.
 * @cma_area:	Contiguous memory area for dma allocations
 * @archdata:	For arch-specific additions.
 * @of_node:	Associated device tree node.
 * @fwnode:	Associated device node supplied by platform firmware.
 * @devt:	For creating the sysfs "dev".
 * @id:		device instance
 * @devres_lock: Spinlock to protect the resource of the device.
 * @devres_head: The resources list of the device.
 * @knode_class: The node used to add the device to the class list.
 * @class:	The class of the device.
 * @groups:	Optional attribute groups.
 * @release:	Callback to free the device after all references have
 * 		gone away. This should be set by the allocator of the
 * 		device (i.e. the bus driver that discovered the device).
 * @iommu_group: IOMMU group the device belongs to.
 * @iommu_fwspec: IOMMU-specific properties supplied by firmware.
 *
 * @offline_disabled: If set, the device is permanently online.
 * @offline:	Set after successful invocation of bus type's .offline().
 *
 * At the lowest level, every device in a Linux system is represented by an
 * instance of struct device. The device structure contains the information
 * that the device model core needs to model the system. Most subsystems,
 * however, track additional information about the devices they host. As a
 * result, it is rare for devices to be represented by bare device structures;
 * instead, that structure, like kobject structures, is usually embedded within
 * a higher-level representation of the device.
 */
struct device {
	struct device		*parent;

	struct device_private	*p;

	struct kobject kobj;
	const char		*init_name; /* initial name of the device */
	const struct device_type *type;

	struct mutex		mutex;	/* mutex to synchronize calls to
					 * its driver.
					 */

	struct bus_type	*bus;		/* type of bus device is on */
	struct device_driver *driver;	/* which driver has allocated this
					   device */
	void		*platform_data;	/* Platform specific data, device
					   core doesn't touch it */
	void		*driver_data;	/* Driver data, set and get with
					   dev_set/get_drvdata */
	struct dev_pm_info	power;
	struct dev_pm_domain	*pm_domain;

#ifdef CONFIG_GENERIC_MSI_IRQ_DOMAIN
	struct irq_domain	*msi_domain;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_PINCTRL
	struct dev_pin_info	*pins;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_GENERIC_MSI_IRQ
	struct list_head	msi_list;
#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
	int		numa_node;	/* NUMA node this device is close to */
#endif
	u64		*dma_mask;	/* dma mask (if dma'able device) */
	u64		coherent_dma_mask;/* Like dma_mask, but for
					     alloc_coherent mappings as
					     not all hardware supports
					     64 bit addresses for consistent
					     allocations such descriptors. */
	unsigned long	dma_pfn_offset;

	struct device_dma_parameters *dma_parms;

	struct list_head	dma_pools;	/* dma pools (if dma'ble) */

	struct dma_coherent_mem	*dma_mem; /* internal for coherent mem
					     override */
#ifdef CONFIG_DMA_CMA
	struct cma *cma_area;		/* contiguous memory area for dma
					   allocations */
#endif
	/* arch specific additions */
	struct dev_archdata	archdata;

	struct device_node	*of_node; /* associated device tree node */
	struct fwnode_handle	*fwnode; /* firmware device node */

	dev_t			devt;	/* dev_t, creates the sysfs "dev" */
	u32			id;	/* device instance */

	spinlock_t		devres_lock;
	struct list_head	devres_head;

	struct klist_node	knode_class;
	struct class		*class;
	const struct attribute_group **groups;	/* optional groups */

	void	(*release)(struct device *dev);
	struct iommu_group	*iommu_group;
	struct iommu_fwspec	*iommu_fwspec;

	bool			offline_disabled:1;
	bool			offline:1;
};

device结构很复杂(不过linux内核的开发人员素质是很高的,该接口的注释写的非常详细,感兴趣的同学可以参考内核源代码),这里将会选一些对理解设备模型非常关键的字段进行说明。

parent,该设备的父设备,一般是该设备所从属的bus、controller等设备。

p,一个用于struct device的私有数据结构指针,该指针中会保存子设备链表、用于添加到bus/driver/prent等设备中的链表头等等,具体可查看源代码。

kobj,该数据结构对应的struct kobject。

init_name,该设备的名称。

       注1:在设备模型中,名称是一个非常重要的变量,任何注册到内核中的设备,都必须有一个合法的名称,可以在初始化时给出,也可以由内核根据“bus name + device ID”的方式创造。

type,struct device_type结构是新版本内核新引入的一个结构,它和struct device关系,非常类似stuct kobj_type和struct kobject之间的关系,后续会再详细说明。

bus,该device属于哪个总线(后续会详细描述)。

driver,该device对应的device driver。

platform_data,一个指针,用于保存具体的平台相关的数据。具体的driver模块,可以将一些私有的数据,暂存在这里,需要使用的时候,再拿出来,因此设备模型并不关心该指针得实际含义。

power、pm_domain,电源管理相关的逻辑,后续会由电源管理专题讲解。

pins,"PINCTRL”功能,暂不描述。

numa_node,"NUMA”功能,暂不描述。

dma_mask~archdata,DMA相关的功能,暂不描述。

devt,dev_t是一个32位的整数,它由两个部分(Major和Minor)组成,在需要以设备节点的形式(字符设备和块设备)向用户空间提供接口的设备中,当作设备号使用。在这里,该变量主要用于在sys文件系统中,为每个具有设备号的device,创建/sys/dev/* 下的对应目录,如下:

1|root@android:/storage/sdcard0 #ls /sys/dev/char/1\:                                                                     
1:1/  1:11/ 1:13/ 1:14/ 1:2/  1:3/  1:5/  1:7/  1:8/  1:9/ 
1|root@android:/storage/sdcard0 #ls /sys/dev/char/1:1                                                                    
1:1/  1:11/ 1:13/ 1:14/
1|root@android:/storage/sdcard0 # ls /sys/dev/char/1\:1 
/sys/dev/char/1:1  

class,该设备属于哪个class。

groups,该设备的默认attribute集合。将会在设备注册时自动在sysfs中创建对应的文件。

iommu_fwspec,固件提供的IOMMU特定属性

offline_disabled,如果设置,则设备永久在线

offline,成功调用总线类型的.offline()后设置

在最低级别,Linux系统中的每个设备都由一个结构设备的实例。 设备结构包含信息 设备模型核心需要为系统建模。 ‘

大多数子系统, 但是,请跟踪有关其托管设备的其他信息。 作为一个  结果,设备很少用裸设备结构表示;相反,该

结构,如kobject结构,通常嵌入其中 设备的更高级别表示。

  • struct device_driver

/**
 * struct device_driver - The basic device driver structure
 * @name:	Name of the device driver.
 * @bus:	The bus which the device of this driver belongs to.
 * @owner:	The module owner.
 * @mod_name:	Used for built-in modules.
 * @suppress_bind_attrs: Disables bind/unbind via sysfs.
 * @probe_type:	Type of the probe (synchronous or asynchronous) to use.
 * @of_match_table: The open firmware table.
 * @acpi_match_table: The ACPI match table.
 * @probe:	Called to query the existence of a specific device,
 *		whether this driver can work with it, and bind the driver
 *		to a specific device.
 * @remove:	Called when the device is removed from the system to
 *		unbind a device from this driver.
 * @shutdown:	Called at shut-down time to quiesce the device.
 * @suspend:	Called to put the device to sleep mode. Usually to a
 *		low power state.
 * @resume:	Called to bring a device from sleep mode.
 * @groups:	Default attributes that get created by the driver core
 *		automatically.
 * @pm:		Power management operations of the device which matched
 *		this driver.
 * @p:		Driver core's private data, no one other than the driver
 *		core can touch this.
 *
 * The device driver-model tracks all of the drivers known to the system.
 * The main reason for this tracking is to enable the driver core to match
 * up drivers with new devices. Once drivers are known objects within the
 * system, however, a number of other things become possible. Device drivers
 * can export information and configuration variables that are independent
 * of any specific device.
 */
struct device_driver {
	const char		*name;
	struct bus_type		*bus;

	struct module		*owner;
	const char		*mod_name;	/* used for built-in modules */

	bool suppress_bind_attrs;	/* disables bind/unbind via sysfs */
	enum probe_type probe_type;

	const struct of_device_id	*of_match_table;
	const struct acpi_device_id	*acpi_match_table;

	int (*probe) (struct device *dev);
	int (*remove) (struct device *dev);
	void (*shutdown) (struct device *dev);
	int (*suspend) (struct device *dev, pm_message_t state);
	int (*resume) (struct device *dev);
	const struct attribute_group **groups;

	const struct dev_pm_ops *pm;

	struct driver_private *p;
};

device_driver就简单多了(在早期的内核版本中driver的数据结构为"struct driver”,不知道从哪个版本开始,就改成device_driver了):

name,该driver的名称。和device结构一样,该名称非常重要,后面会再详细说明。

bus,该driver所驱动设备的总线设备。为什么driver需要记录总线设备的指针呢?因为内核要保证在driver运行前,设备所依赖的总线能够正确初始化。

owner、mod_name,內核module相关的变量,暂不描述。

suppress_bind_attrs,是不在sysfs中启用bind和unbind attribute,如下:root@android:/storage/sdcard0 # ls /sys/bus/platform/drivers/switch-gpio/                                                  
bind   uevent unbind
在kernel中,bind/unbind是从用户空间手动的为driver绑定/解绑定指定的设备的机制。这种机制是在bus.c中完成的,后面会详细解释。

probe、remove,这两个接口函数用于实现driver逻辑的开始和结束。Driver是一段软件code,因此会有开始和结束两个代码逻辑,就像PC程序,会有一个main函数,main函数的开始就是开始,return的地方就是结束。而内核driver却有其特殊性:在设备模型的结构下,只有driver和device同时存在时,才需要开始执行driver的代码逻辑。这也是probe和remove两个接口名称的由来:检测到了设备和移除了设备(就是为热拔插起的!)。

shutdown、suspend、resume、pm,电源管理相关的内容,会在电源管理专题中详细说明。

groups,和struct device结构中的同名变量类似,driver也可以定义一些默认attribute,这样在将driver注册到内核中时,内核设备模型部分的代码(driver/base/driver.c)会自动将这些attribute添加到sysfs中。

p,driver core的私有数据指针,其它模块不能访问。

3. 设备模型框架下驱动开发的基本步骤

在设备模型框架下,设备驱动的开发是一件很简单的事情,主要包括2个步骤:

步骤1:分配一个struct device类型的变量,填充必要的信息后,把它注册到内核中。

步骤2:分配一个struct device_driver类型的变量,填充必要的信息后,把它注册到内核中。

这两步完成后,内核会在合适的时机(后面会讲),调用struct device_driver变量中的probe、remove、suspend、resume等回调函数,从而触发或者终结设备驱动的执行。而所有的驱动程序逻辑,都会由这些回调函数实现,此时,驱动开发者眼中便不再有“设备模型”,转而只关心驱动本身的实现。

以上两个步骤的补充说明:

1. 一般情况下,Linux驱动开发很少直接使用device和device_driver,因为内核在它们之上又封装了一层,如soc device、platform device等等,而这些层次提供的接口更为简单、易用(也正是因为这个原因,本文并不会过多涉及device、device_driver等模块的实现细节)。

2. 内核提供很多struct device结构的操作接口(具体可以参考include/linux/device.h和drivers/base/core.c的代码),主要包括初始化(device_initialize)、注册到内核(device_register)、分配存储空间+初始化+注册到内核(device_create)等等,可以根据需要使用。

3. device和device_driver必须具备相同的名称,内核才能完成匹配操作,进而调用device_driver中的相应接口。这里的同名,作用范围是同一个bus下的所有device和device_driver。

4. device和device_driver必须挂载在一个bus之下,该bus可以是实际存在的,也可以是虚拟的。

5. driver开发者可以在struct device变量中,保存描述设备特征的信息,如寻址空间、依赖的GPIOs等,因为device指针会在执行probe等接口时传入,这时driver就可以根据这些信息,执行相应的逻辑操作了。

device部分的实现细节:

https://blog.csdn.net/qq_16777851/article/details/81437352

device_driver部分的实现细节

https://mp.csdn.net/postedit/81459931

 

4. 设备驱动probe的时机

所谓的"probe”,是指在Linux内核中,如果存在相同名称的device和device_driver(注:还存在其它方式,我们先不关注了),内核就会执行device_driver中的probe回调函数,而该函数就是所有driver的入口,可以执行诸如硬件设备初始化、字符设备注册、设备文件操作ops注册等动作("remove”是它的反操作,发生在device或者device_driver任何一方从内核注销时,其原理类似,就不再单独说明了)。

设备驱动prove的时机有如下几种(分为自动触发和手动触发):

  • 将struct device类型的变量注册到内核中时自动触发(device_register,device_add,device_create_vargs,device_create)
  • 将struct device_driver类型的变量注册到内核中时自动触发(driver_register)
  • 手动查找同一bus下的所有device_driver,如果有和指定device同名的driver,执行probe操作(device_attach)
  • 手动查找同一bus下的所有device,如果有和指定driver同名的device,执行probe操作(driver_attach)
  • 自行调用driver的probe接口,并在该接口中将该driver绑定到某个device结构中----即设置dev->driver(device_bind_driver)

注2:probe动作实际是由bus模块(会在下一篇文章讲解)实现的,这不难理解:device和device_driver都是挂载在bus这根线上,因此只有bus最清楚应该为哪些device、哪些driver配对。

注3:每个bus都有一个drivers_autoprobe变量,用于控制是否在device或者driver注册时,自动probe。该变量默认为1(即自动probe),bus模块将它开放到sysfs中了,因而可在用户空间修改,进而控制probe行为。

注4:上面的手动触发和自动触发以及probe机制都在设备模型六和七有分析,要看细节请看那两篇博客。

 

5. 其它杂项

5.1 device_attribute和driver_attribute

Linux设备模型四(attribure中,我们有讲到,大多数时候,attribute文件的读写数据流为:vfs---->sysfs---->kobject---->attibute---->kobj_type---->sysfs_ops---->xxx_attribute,其中kobj_type、sysfs_ops和xxx_attribute都是由包含kobject的上层数据结构实现。

Linux内核中关于该内容的例证到处都是,device也不无例外的提供了这种例子,如下


#define to_dev_attr(_attr) container_of(_attr, struct device_attribute, attr)

static ssize_t dev_attr_show(struct kobject *kobj, struct attribute *attr,
			     char *buf)
{
	struct device_attribute *dev_attr = to_dev_attr(attr);
	struct device *dev = kobj_to_dev(kobj);
	ssize_t ret = -EIO;

	if (dev_attr->show)
		ret = dev_attr->show(dev, dev_attr, buf);
	if (ret >= (ssize_t)PAGE_SIZE) {
		print_symbol("dev_attr_show: %s returned bad count\n",
				(unsigned long)dev_attr->show);
	}
	return ret;
}

static ssize_t dev_attr_store(struct kobject *kobj, struct attribute *attr,
			      const char *buf, size_t count)
{
	struct device_attribute *dev_attr = to_dev_attr(attr);
	struct device *dev = kobj_to_dev(kobj);
	ssize_t ret = -EIO;

	if (dev_attr->store)
		ret = dev_attr->store(dev, dev_attr, buf, count);
	return ret;
}

static const struct sysfs_ops dev_sysfs_ops = {
	.show	= dev_attr_show,
	.store	= dev_attr_store,
};


static struct kobj_type device_ktype = {
	.release	= device_release,
	.sysfs_ops	= &dev_sysfs_ops,
	.namespace	= device_namespace,
};


struct sysfs_ops {
	ssize_t	(*show)(struct kobject *, struct attribute *,char *);
	ssize_t	(*store)(struct kobject *,struct attribute *,const char *, size_t);
};


/* interface for exporting device attributes */
struct device_attribute {
	struct attribute	attr;
	ssize_t (*show)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
			char *buf);
	ssize_t (*store)(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr,
			 const char *buf, size_t count);
};

至于driver的attribute,则要简单的多,其数据流为:vfs---->sysfs---->kobject---->attribute---->driver_attribute,如下:


/* sysfs interface for exporting driver attributes */

struct driver_attribute {
	struct attribute attr;
	ssize_t (*show)(struct device_driver *driver, char *buf);
	ssize_t (*store)(struct device_driver *driver, const char *buf,
			 size_t count);
};

#define DRIVER_ATTR(_name, _mode, _show, _store) \
	struct driver_attribute driver_attr_##_name = __ATTR(_name, _mode, _show, _store)

5.2 device_type

device_type是内嵌在struct device结构中的一个数据结构,用于指明设备的类型,并提供一些额外的辅助功能。它的的形式如下:

/*
 * The type of device, "struct device" is embedded in. A class
 * or bus can contain devices of different types
 * like "partitions" and "disks", "mouse" and "event".
 * This identifies the device type and carries type-specific
 * information, equivalent to the kobj_type of a kobject.
 * If "name" is specified, the uevent will contain it in
 * the DEVTYPE variable.
 */
struct device_type {
	const char *name;
	const struct attribute_group **groups;
	int (*uevent)(struct device *dev, struct kobj_uevent_env *env);
	char *(*devnode)(struct device *dev, umode_t *mode,
			 kuid_t *uid, kgid_t *gid);
	void (*release)(struct device *dev);

	const struct dev_pm_ops *pm;
};

device_type的功能包括:

  • name表示该类型的名称,当该类型的设备添加到内核时,内核会发出"DEVTYPE=‘name’”类型的uevent,告知用户空间某个类型的设备available了
  • groups,该类型设备的公共attribute集合。设备注册时,会同时注册这些attribute。这就是面向对象中“继承”的概念
  • uevent,同理,所有相同类型的设备,会有一些共有的uevent需要发送,由该接口实现
  • devnode,devtmpfs有关的内容,暂不说明
  • release,如果device结构没有提供release接口,就要查询它所属的type是否提供。用于释放device变量所占的空间

5.3 root device

在sysfs中有这样一个目录:/sys/devices,系统中所有的设备,都归集在该目录下。有些设备,是通过device_register注册到Kernel并体现在/sys/devices/xxx/下。但有时候我们仅仅需要在/sys/devices/下注册一个目录,该目录不代表任何的实体设备,这时可以使用下面的接口:

/*
 * Root device objects for grouping under /sys/devices
 */
extern struct device *__root_device_register(const char *name,
					     struct module *owner);

/* This is a macro to avoid include problems with THIS_MODULE */
#define root_device_register(name) \
	__root_device_register(name, THIS_MODULE)

extern void root_device_unregister(struct device *root);

该接口会调用device_register函数,向内核中注册一个设备,但是(你也想到了),没必要注册与之对应的driver(顺便提一下,内核中有很多不需要driver的设备,这是之一)。

 

参考文章:

http://www.wowotech.net/device_model/device_and_driver.html

This is, on the surface, a book about writing device drivers for the Linux system. That is a worthy goal, of course; the flow of new hardware products is not likely to slow down anytime soon, and somebody is going to have to make all those new gadgets work with Linux. But this book is also about how the Linux kernel works and how to adapt its workings to your needs or interests. Linux is an open system; with this book, we hope, it is more open and accessible to a larger community of developers. This is the third edition of Linux Device Drivers. The kernel has changed greatly since this book was first published, and we have tried to evolve the text to match. This edition covers the 2.6.10 kernel as completely as we are able. We have, this time around, elected to omit the discussion of backward compatibility with previous kernel versions. The changes from 2.4 are simply too large, and the 2.4 interface remains well documented in the (freely available) second edition. This edition contains quite a bit of new material relevant to the 2.6 kernel. The discussion of locking and concurrency has been expanded and moved into its own chapter. The Linux device model, which is new in 2.6, is covered in detail. There are new chapters on the USB bus and the serial driver subsystem; the chapter on PCI has also been enhanced. While the organization of the rest of the book resembles that of the earlier editions, every chapter has been thoroughly updated. We hope you enjoy reading this book as much as we have enjoyed writing it.
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