https://blog.csdn.net/sinat_34596644/article/details/53080026
一、定义bean的三种途径:
- 首先编写Student和Teacher两个类
student.java
public class Student {
private String name;
private Teacher teacher;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public Teacher getTeacher() {
return teacher;
}
public void setTeacher(Teacher teacher) {
this.teacher = teacher;
}
}
Teacher.java
public class Teacher {
private String name;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
要使用spring, 需要pom.xml依赖spring的库:
<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.springframework/spring-context -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
<version>5.0.9.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
- 方法一:基于XML的bean定义(需要提供setter方法)
Student.java
package cn.edu.jnu.spring;
public class Student {
private String name;
private Teacher teacher;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public Teacher getTeacher() {
return teacher;
}
public void setTeacher(Teacher teacher) {
this.teacher = teacher;
}
}
Teacher.java
package cn.edu.jnu.spring;
public class Teacher {
private String name;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
applicationContext.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!--方法一:基于XML的bean定义(需要提供setter方法)-->
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<bean id="student" class="cn.edu.jnu.spring.Student">
<property name="name" value="张三"/>
<property name="teacher" ref="teacher"/>
</bean>
<bean id="teacher" class="cn.edu.jnu.spring.Teacher">
<property name="name" value="李四"/>
</bean>
</beans>
Test.java
package cn.edu.jnu.spring;
import org.springframework.context.support.FileSystemXmlApplicationContext;
public class Test {
//方法一:基于XML的bean定义(需要提供setter方法)
public static void main(String args[]){
FileSystemXmlApplicationContext context = new FileSystemXmlApplicationContext("F:\\Java_learning\\mybatis1" +
"\\src\\main\\resources\\applicationContext.xml");
Student student = (Student) context.getBean("student");
Teacher teacher = (Teacher) context.getBean("teacher");
System.out.println("学生的姓名:"+student.getName()+"。老师是"+student.getTeacher().getName());
System.out.println("老师的姓名:"+teacher.getName());
}
}
运行结果:
- 方法二:基于注解的bean定义(不需要提供setter方法)
Spring为此提供了四个注解,这些注解的作用与上面的XML定义bean效果一致,在于将组件交给Spring容器管理。组件的名称默认是类名(首字母变小写),也可以自己修改:
@Component:当对组件的层次难以定位的时候使用这个注解
@Controller:表示控制层的组件
@Service:表示业务逻辑层的组件
@Repository:表示数据访问层的组件
使用这些注解的时候还有一个地方需要注意,就是需要在applicationContext.xml中声明<contex:component-scan...>一项,指明Spring容器扫描组件的包目录。
Student.java
package cn.edu.jnu.spring;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component("student")
public class Student {
@Value("张三")
private String name;
@Autowired
// @Resource(name = "Teacher") //不好用
private Teacher teacher;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public Teacher getTeacher() {
return teacher;
}
}
要使用@Resource, 需要 pom.xml 依赖javax的库:
<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/javax.annotation/javax.annotation-api -->
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.annotation</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.annotation-api</artifactId>
<version>1.3.2</version>
</dependency>
Teacher.java
package cn.edu.jnu.spring;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
@Component("teacher")
public class Teacher {
@Value("李四")
private String name;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
}
applicationContext.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!--方法二:基于注解的bean定义(不需要提供setter方法)-->
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
<!--扫描组件的包目录-->
<context:component-scan base-package="cn.edu.jnu.spring"/>
</beans>
Test.java
package cn.edu.jnu.spring;
import org.springframework.context.support.FileSystemXmlApplicationContext;
public class Test {
//方法二:基于注解的bean定义(不需要提供setter方法)
public static void main(String args[]){
FileSystemXmlApplicationContext context = new FileSystemXmlApplicationContext("F:\\Java_learning\\mybatis1" +
"\\src\\main\\resources\\applicationContext.xml");
Teacher teacher = (Teacher) context.getBean("teacher");
System.out.println("老师的姓名:"+teacher.getName());
Student student = (Student) context.getBean("student");
System.out.println("学生的姓名:"+student.getName()+"。老师是"+student.getTeacher().getName());
}
}
运行结果:
- 方法三:基于Java类的bean定义(需要提供setter方法)
Student.java
package cn.edu.jnu.spring;
public class Student {
private String name;
private Teacher teacher;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public Teacher getTeacher() {
return teacher;
}
public void setTeacher(Teacher teacher) {
this.teacher = teacher;
}
}
Teacher.java
package cn.edu.jnu.spring;
public class Teacher {
private String name;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
BeansConfiguration.java
package cn.edu.jnu.spring;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
@Configuration
public class BeansConfiguration {
@Bean
public Student student(){
Student student=new Student();
student.setName("张三");
student.setTeacher(teacher());
return student;
}
@Bean
public Teacher teacher(){
Teacher teacher=new Teacher();
teacher.setName("李四");
return teacher;
}
}
Test.java
package cn.edu.jnu.spring;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext;
public class Test {
//方法三:基于Java类的bean定义(需要提供setter方法)
public static void main(String args[]) {
AnnotationConfigApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(BeansConfiguration.class);
Student student = (Student) context.getBean("student");
Teacher teacher = (Teacher) context.getBean("teacher");
System.out.println("学生的姓名:" + student.getName() + "。老师是" + student.getTeacher().getName());
System.out.println("老师的姓名:" + teacher.getName());
}
}
运行结果:
二、Spring的自动注入
- Spring提供了五种自动装配的类型
no:顾名思义, 显式指明不使用Spring的自动装配功能
byName:根据属性和组件的名称匹配关系来实现bean的自动装配
byType:根据属性和组件的类型匹配关系来实现bean的自动装配,有多个适合类型的对象时装配失败
constructor:与byType类似是根据类型进行自动装配,但是要求待装配的bean有相应的构造函数
autodetect:利用Spring的自省机制判断使用byType或是constructor装配
- 基于XML的自动装配
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<bean id="student" class="test.Student" autowire="byName">
<property name="name" value="张三"/>
</bean>
<bean id="teacher" class="test.Teacher">
<property name="name" value="李四"/>
</bean>
</beans>
这里我并没有显式为Student对象注入Teacher属性,而是使用autowired="byName"代替,这样一来Spring会帮我们处理这些细节,将名字是teacher的组件注入到Student对象中。
- 基于注解的自动装配
其实上面已经应用过了,这里再提一下@Resource和@Autowired的区别。@Resource默认是使用byName进行装配,@Autowired默认使用byType进行装配
@Component("teacher")
public class Teacher {
@Value("李四")
private String name;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
@Component("student")
public class Student {
@Value("张三")
private String name;
@Resource
private Teacher teacher;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public Teacher getTeacher() {
return teacher;
}
public void setTeacher(Teacher teacher) {
this.teacher = teacher;
}
}
三、如何进行选择?
其实说了这么多,我们应该如何对这些不同方式进行权衡和选择呢?这个见仁见智,我说说我常用的方式。
- 定义bean:一般我使用基于注解的bean定义。这样可以摆脱使用XML或是Java类对大量bean进行配置的噩梦,让程序变得简洁。注解还可以清楚地指明组件所在的层次。但是也有特殊的情况,比如说配置数据源,也许某个组件并不是你写的(来自于Spring或是第三方jar包里面的组件等),你没有办法在这些组件里面加上这些注解使之成为Spring容器管理的bean(别人也不会为你加上这些注解,因为他们不知道你会使用到哪些组件)。这种情况下就得使用XML或是Java类进行配置了,个人比较喜欢XML配置。如下例子:
<bean id="dataSource" class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource">
<property name="driverClassName" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
<property name="url" value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/study"/>
<property name="username" value="账号"/>
<property name="password" value="密码"/>
</bean>
- 自动装配:一般我使用基于注解的自动装配。同样也是为了减少XML配置文件的“篇幅”。
- 通过使用基于注解的bean定义和自动装配,大大减少了XML配置文件的长度,增加了程序的可读性。