Struts 2支持以下几种表达式语言:
- OGNL(Object-Graph Navigation Language),可以方便地操作对象属性的开源表达式语言;
- JSTL(JSP Standard Tag Library),JSP 2.0集成的标准的表达式语言;
- Groovy,基于Java平台的动态语言,它具有时下比较流行的动态语言(如Python、Ruby和Smarttalk等)的一些起特性;
- Velocity,严格来说不是表达式语言,它是一种基于Java的模板匹配引擎,具说其性能要比JSP好。
Struts 2默认的表达式语言是OGNL,原因是它相对其它表达式语言具有下面几大优势:
- 支持对象方法调用,如xxx.doSomeSpecial();
- 支持类静态的方法调用和值访问,表达式的格式为@[类全名(包括包路径)]@[方法名 | 值名],例如:@java.lang.String@format('foo %s', 'bar')或@tutorial.MyConstant@APP_NAME;
- 支持赋值操作和表达式串联,如price=100, discount=0.8, calculatePrice(),这个表达式会返回80;
- 访问OGNL上下文(OGNL context)和ActionContext;
- 操作集合对象
OGNL是通常要结合Struts 2的标志一起使用,如<s:property value="xx" />等。大家经常遇到的问题是#、%和$这三个符号的使用。
- 访问OGNL上下文和Action上下文,#相当于ActionContext.getContext();下表有几个ActionContext中有用的属性:
- 用于过滤和投影(projecting)集合,如books.{?#this.price<100}。
- 构造Map,如#{'foo1':'bar1', 'foo2':'bar2'}。
个人觉得OGNL真的很简单,即使有的表达方式忘了也没关系,一查就搞定了,尚学堂的教学中有个例子不错,基本上常用的都包括了。
下面是OGNL表达式的使用例子。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="GB18030" ?> <%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=GB18030" pageEncoding="GB18030"%> <%@ taglib uri="/struts-tags" prefix="s" %> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=GB18030" /> <title>OGNL表达式语言学习</title> </head> <body> <ol> <li>访问值栈中的action的普通属性: username = <s:property value="username"/> </li> <li>访问值栈中对象的普通属性(get set方法):<s:property value="user.age"/> | <s:property value="user['age']"/> | <s:property value="user[\"age\"]"/> | wrong: <%--<s:property value="user[age]"/>--%></li> <li>访问值栈中对象的普通属性(get set方法): <s:property value="cat.friend.name"/></li> <li>访问值栈中对象的普通方法:<s:property value="password.length()"/></li> <li>访问值栈中对象的普通方法:<s:property value="cat.miaomiao()" /></li> <li>访问值栈中action的普通方法:<s:property value="m()" /></li> <hr /> <li>访问静态方法:<s:property value="@com.bjsxt.struts2.ognl.S@s()"/></li> <li>访问静态属性:<s:property value="@com.bjsxt.struts2.ognl.S@STR"/></li> <li>访问Math类的静态方法:<s:property value="@@max(2,3)" /></li> <hr /> <li>访问普通类的构造方法:<s:property value="new com.bjsxt.struts2.ognl.User(8)"/></li> <hr /> <li>访问List:<s:property value="users"/></li> <li>访问List中某个元素:<s:property value="users[1]"/></li> <li>访问List中元素某个属性的集合:<s:property value="users.{age}"/></li> <li>访问List中元素某个属性的集合中的特定值:<s:property value="users.{age}[0]"/> | <s:property value="users[0].age"/></li> <li>访问Set:<s:property value="dogs"/></li> <li>访问Set中某个元素:<s:property value="dogs[1]"/></li> <li>访问Map:<s:property value="dogMap"/></li> <li>访问Map中某个元素:<s:property value="dogMap.dog101"/> | <s:property value="dogMap['dog101']"/> | <s:property value="dogMap[\"dog101\"]"/></li> <li>访问Map中所有的key:<s:property value="dogMap.keys"/></li> <li>访问Map中所有的value:<s:property value="dogMap.values"/></li> <li>访问容器的大小:<s:property value="dogMap.size()"/> | <s:property value="users.size"/> </li> <hr /> <li>投影(过滤):<s:property value="users.{?#this.age==1}[0]"/></li> <li>投影:<s:property value="users.{^#this.age>1}.{age}"/></li> <li>投影:<s:property value="users.{$#this.age>1}.{age}"/></li> <li>投影:<s:property value="users.{$#this.age>1}.{age} == null"/></li> <hr /> <li>[]:<s:property value="[0].username"/></li> </ol> <s:debug></s:debug> </body> </html>
下面是对应的java,都是最简单的class
OgnlAction.java
package com.bjsxt.struts2.ognl; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.HashSet; import java.util.List; import java.util.Map; import java.util.Set; import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport; public class OgnlAction extends ActionSupport { private Cat cat; private Map<String, Dog> dogMap = new HashMap<String, Dog>(); private Set<Dog> dogs = new HashSet<Dog>(); private String username; private String password; private User user; private List<User> users = new ArrayList<User>(); public OgnlAction() { users.add(new User(1)); users.add(new User(2)); users.add(new User(3)); dogs.add(new Dog("dog1")); dogs.add(new Dog("dog2")); dogs.add(new Dog("dog3")); dogMap.put("dog100", new Dog("dog100")); dogMap.put("dog101", new Dog("dog101")); dogMap.put("dog102", new Dog("dog102")); } public String execute() { return SUCCESS; } public String m() { return "hello"; } public User getUser() { return user; } public void setUser(User user) { this.user = user; } public String getUsername() { return username; } public void setUsername(String username) { this.username = username; } public String getPassword() { return password; } public void setPassword(String password) { this.password = password; } public Cat getCat() { return cat; } public void setCat(Cat cat) { this.cat = cat; } public Map<String, Dog> getDogMap() { return dogMap; } public void setDogMap(Map<String, Dog> dogMap) { this.dogMap = dogMap; } public Set<Dog> getDogs() { return dogs; } public void setDogs(Set<Dog> dogs) { this.dogs = dogs; } public List<User> getUsers() { return users; } public void setUsers(List<User> users) { this.users = users; } }
Dog.java
package com.bjsxt.struts2.ognl; public class Dog { private String name; public Dog() { } public Dog(String name) { super(); this.name = name; } public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } @Override public String toString() { return "dog: " + name; } }
Cat.java
package com.bjsxt.struts2.ognl; public class Cat { private Dog friend; public Dog getFriend() { return friend; } public void setFriend(Dog friend) { this.friend = friend; } public String miaomiao() { return "miaomiao"; } }
User.java
package com.bjsxt.struts2.ognl; public class User { private int age = 8; public User() { } public User(int age) { super(); this.age = age; } public int getAge() { return age; } public void setAge(int age) { this.age = age; } @Override public String toString() { return "user" + age; } }
S.java
package com.bjsxt.struts2.ognl; public class S { public static String STR = "STATIC STRING"; public static String s() { return "static method"; } }