JSP指令简介：JSP指令(directive)是为JSP引擎而设计的，他们并不直接产生任何可见的输出，而只是告诉
引擎如何处理JSP页面中的剩余部分。
JSP指令的基本语法：
<%@ 指令 属性名="值"%>
例如：
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%>
注意：属性名部分是大小写敏感的
在目前的JSP2.0当中，定于了page,include和taglib这三个指令，每种指令中又定义了一些各自的属性。
如果要遭一个JSP页面中设置同一条指令的多个属性，可以使用多条指令语句单独设置每个属性，也可以使用同一条指令
语句设置该指令的多个属性。
第一种方式：
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%>
<%@ import="java.util.*" %>
第二种方式：
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%>
page指令用于定义JSP页面的各种属性，无论page指令出现在JSP页面的什么地方，它作用的都是整个JSP页面，
为了保持程序的可读性和遵循良好的变成习惯，page指令最好是放在JSP页面的起始位置。
page指令的完整语法:
1）.language="java"
2）.extends="package.class" 当前JSP页面翻译成Servlet之后可以继承的类
3）.import="java.util.*" 导入类之后，才可以使用这些类中的方法。
查看jsp的java文件，可以看到jsp页面会自动导入一些包：
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import javax.servlet.jsp.*;
4）.session="true|false" 表示当前页面上是否允许使用session.
允许使用session：
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%>
<%
String path = request.getContextPath();
String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";
%>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<base href="<%=basePath%>">
<title>My JSP 'Jsp1.jsp' starting page</title>
<meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">
<meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">
<meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page">
<!--
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
-->
</head>
<body>
<%= session.getId() %>
</body>
</html>
如果不允许使用session:
在jsp页面加上 <%@ page session="false" %> 之后，再使用session则会报错!!!
5.1）.<%@ page errorPage="/page/error.jsp" %> 出现异常时跳转的页面.
Jsp1.jsp:
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%>
<%@ page errorPage="/page/error.jsp" %>
<%
String path = request.getContextPath();
String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";
%>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<base href="<%=basePath%>">
<title>My JSP 'Jsp1.jsp' starting page</title>
<meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">
<meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">
<meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page">
<!--
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
-->
</head>
<body>
<%int i=10/0; %>
</body>
</html>
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%>
<%
String path = request.getContextPath();
String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";
%>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<base href="<%=basePath%>">
<title>My JSP 'error.jsp' starting page</title>
<meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">
<meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">
<meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page">
<!--
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
-->
</head>
<body>
ERROR PAGE! <br>
</body>
</html>
浏览器进入该页面时报异常，这时转发进入errorPage.
5.2）.<%@ page isErrorPage="true" %> . 指定当前页面是否为错误处理页面，可以说明当前页面是否可以使用
使用exception这个隐藏变量：
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%>
<%@page isErrorPage="true"%>
<%
String path = request.getContextPath();
String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";
%>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<base href="<%=basePath%>">
<title>My JSP 'error.jsp' starting page</title>
<meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">
<meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">
<meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page">
<!--
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
-->
</head>
<body>
ERROR PAGE! <br>
ERROR:<%= exception.getMessage()%>
</body>
</html>
这样再次浏览器测试：
5.3）需要注意的是若指定isErrorPage="true" ,并使用exception的方法，一般不建议直接访问该错误页面，对于TOMCAT服务器而言，
浏览器不能通过直接输入文件地址的形式访问WEB-INF下的文件，因为WEB-INF下报错的是隐私文件，如果想访问的话，可以通过请求的转发
可以访问：
将error.jsp放入WEB-INF目录下：
修改Jsp1.jsp里的<%@ page errorPage="/WEB-INF/error.jsp" %>
浏览器测试：
OK!!!!
5.4）. 还可以在web.xml文件中配置错误页面:
不在某一jsp页面指定errorPage，而改为web.xml文件中配置：
5.4.1）.根据错误代码500,404等等:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee" xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_1.xsd" id="WebApp_ID" version="3.1">
<display-name>MyLab2</display-name>
<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file>
<welcome-file>index.htm</welcome-file>
<welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>
<welcome-file>default.html</welcome-file>
<welcome-file>default.htm</welcome-file>
<welcome-file>default.jsp</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>
<error-page>
<error-code>500</error-code>
<location>/WEB-INF/error.jsp</location>
</error-page>
</web-app>
5.4.2) 根据错误类型，例如java.lang.ArithmeticException：
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee" xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_1.xsd" id="WebApp_ID" version="3.1">
<display-name>MyLab2</display-name>
<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file>
<welcome-file>index.htm</welcome-file>
<welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>
<welcome-file>default.html</welcome-file>
<welcome-file>default.htm</welcome-file>
<welcome-file>default.jsp</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>
<error-page>
<exception-type>java.lang.ArithmeticException</exception-type>
<location>/WEB-INF/error.jsp</location>
</error-page>
</web-app>
6）. <%@ page contentType="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" %> 指定当前JSP页面的响应类型，实际调用的是
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1");charset指定返回的页面的字符编码是多少，通常取值为UTF-8。
7）. <%@ page pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%> 指定当前JSP页面的字符编码，通常和charset一致。
8）. <%@page isElIgnored="true" %> 指定当前JSP页面是否可以使用EL表达式。通常取值为true.
include指令： 用于通知JSP引擎翻译当前JSP页面 时将其他文件中的内容合并进当前JSP页面转换成的servlet源文件中，
这种在源文件级别进行引入的方式称之为静态引入。当前JSP页面与静态引入的页面紧密结合为一个servlet.
语法：<%@include file="relativeUrl"%>
其中的file属性用于指定被引入文件的相对路径。如果以"/"开头，表示相对于当前WEB应用的根目录。
被引入的文件需要遵守的规则：
1.被引入的文件必须遵循JSP语法，其中的内容可以包含静态HTML,JSP脚本元素,JSP指令和JSP行为元素等普通JSP页面所具有的一切内容。
2.被引入的文件可以使用任意的扩展名，即使其扩展名为HTML,JSP引擎也会按照处理JSP页面的方式处理他里面的内容，为了见名知意，
JSP规范建议使用.jspf(jsp fragments) 组我诶静态引入文件的扩展名。
3.在将JSP文件翻译成servlet源文件时，JSP引擎将合并被引入的文件与当前JSP页面中的指令元素（设置pageEncoding属性的page指令除外），
所以，除了import和pageEncoding属性之外,page指令的其他属性不能再这个页面中有不同的设置值。
测试：
jsp1.jsp中包含jsp2.jsp（静态包含，源码级包含
发现只有jsp1的文件，但是没有jsp2文件，打开jsp1的java文件，发现jsp2的代码都在该文件中：
/*
* Generated by the Jasper component of Apache Tomcat
* Version: Apache Tomcat/8.5.6
* Generated at: 2017-09-24 07:45:15 UTC
* Note: The last modified time of this file was set to
* the last modified time of the source file after
* generation to assist with modification tracking.
*/
package org.apache.jsp.page;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import javax.servlet.jsp.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.*;
public final class Jsp1_jsp extends org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase
implements org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceDependent,
org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceImports {
private static final javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory _jspxFactory =
javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory.getDefaultFactory();
private static java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> _jspx_dependants;
static {
_jspx_dependants = new java.util.HashMap<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long>(1);
_jspx_dependants.put("/page/Jsp2.jsp", Long.valueOf(1506239106121L));
}
private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_packages;
private static final java.util.Set<java.lang.String> _jspx_imports_classes;
static {
_jspx_imports_packages = new java.util.HashSet<>();
_jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet");
_jspx_imports_packages.add("java.util");
_jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.http");
_jspx_imports_packages.add("javax.servlet.jsp");
_jspx_imports_classes = null;
}
private volatile javax.el.ExpressionFactory _el_expressionfactory;
private volatile org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_instancemanager;
public java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.lang.Long> getDependants() {
return _jspx_dependants;
}
public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getPackageImports() {
return _jspx_imports_packages;
}
public java.util.Set<java.lang.String> getClassImports() {
return _jspx_imports_classes;
}
public javax.el.ExpressionFactory _jsp_getExpressionFactory() {
if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
synchronized (this) {
if (_el_expressionfactory == null) {
_el_expressionfactory = _jspxFactory.getJspApplicationContext(getServletConfig().getServletContext()).getExpressionFactory();
}
}
}
return _el_expressionfactory;
}
public org.apache.tomcat.InstanceManager _jsp_getInstanceManager() {
if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
synchronized (this) {
if (_jsp_instancemanager == null) {
_jsp_instancemanager = org.apache.jasper.runtime.InstanceManagerFactory.getInstanceManager(getServletConfig());
}
}
}
return _jsp_instancemanager;
}
public void _jspInit() {
}
public void _jspDestroy() {
}
public void _jspService(final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest request, final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse response)
throws java.io.IOException, javax.servlet.ServletException {
final java.lang.String _jspx_method = request.getMethod();
if (!"GET".equals(_jspx_method) && !"POST".equals(_jspx_method) && !"HEAD".equals(_jspx_method) && !javax.servlet.DispatcherType.ERROR.equals(request.getDispatcherType())) {
response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED, "JSPs only permit GET POST or HEAD");
return;
}
final javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext;
javax.servlet.http.HttpSession session = null;
final javax.servlet.ServletContext application;
final javax.servlet.ServletConfig config;
javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = null;
final java.lang.Object page = this;
javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter _jspx_out = null;
javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context = null;
try {
response.setContentType("text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1");
pageContext = _jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request, response,
null, true, 8192, true);
_jspx_page_context = pageContext;
application = pageContext.getServletContext();
config = pageContext.getServletConfig();
session = pageContext.getSession();
out = pageContext.getOut();
_jspx_out = out;
out.write("\r\n");
out.write("\r\n");
String path = request.getContextPath();
String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";
out.write("\r\n");
out.write("\r\n");
out.write("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN\">\r\n");
out.write("<html>\r\n");
out.write(" <head>\r\n");
out.write(" <base href=\"");
out.print(basePath);
out.write("\">\r\n");
out.write(" \r\n");
out.write(" <title>My JSP 'Jsp1.jsp' starting page</title>\r\n");
out.write(" \r\n");
out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"pragma\" content=\"no-cache\">\r\n");
out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"cache-control\" content=\"no-cache\">\r\n");
out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"expires\" content=\"0\"> \r\n");
out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"keywords\" content=\"keyword1,keyword2,keyword3\">\r\n");
out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"description\" content=\"This is my page\">\r\n");
out.write("\t<!--\r\n");
out.write("\t<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"styles.css\">\r\n");
out.write("\t-->\r\n");
out.write("\r\n");
out.write(" </head>\r\n");
out.write(" \r\n");
out.write(" <body>\r\n");
out.write(" This is my JSP1 page. <br>\r\n");
out.write(" <!-- jsp1 å
å«jsp2 -->\r\n");
out.write(" ");
out.write("\r\n");
out.write("\r\n");
out.write("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN\">\r\n");
out.write("<html>\r\n");
out.write(" <head>\r\n");
out.write(" <base href=\"");
out.print(basePath);
out.write("\">\r\n");
out.write(" \r\n");
out.write(" <title>My JSP 'Jsp2.jsp' starting page</title>\r\n");
out.write(" \r\n");
out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"pragma\" content=\"no-cache\">\r\n");
out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"cache-control\" content=\"no-cache\">\r\n");
out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"expires\" content=\"0\"> \r\n");
out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"keywords\" content=\"keyword1,keyword2,keyword3\">\r\n");
out.write("\t<meta http-equiv=\"description\" content=\"This is my page\">\r\n");
out.write("\t<!--\r\n");
out.write("\t<link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"styles.css\">\r\n");
out.write("\t-->\r\n");
out.write("\r\n");
out.write(" </head>\r\n");
out.write(" \r\n");
out.write(" <body>\r\n");
out.write(" This is my JSP2 page. <br>\r\n");
out.write(" </body>\r\n");
out.write("</html>\r\n");
out.write("\r\n");
out.write(" </body>\r\n");
out.write("</html>\r\n");
} catch (java.lang.Throwable t) {
if (!(t instanceof javax.servlet.jsp.SkipPageException)){
out = _jspx_out;
if (out != null && out.getBufferSize() != 0)
try {
if (response.isCommitted()) {
out.flush();
} else {
out.clearBuffer();
}
} catch (java.io.IOException e) {}
if (_jspx_page_context != null) _jspx_page_context.handlePageException(t);
else throw new ServletException(t);
}
} finally {
_jspxFactory.releasePageContext(_jspx_page_context);
}
}
}
）：
jsp1.jsp:
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%>
<%@ page contentType="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" %>
<%
String path = request.getContextPath();
String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";
%>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<base href="<%=basePath%>">
<title>My JSP 'Jsp1.jsp' starting page</title>
<meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">
<meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">
<meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page">
<!--
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
-->
</head>
<body>
This is my JSP1 page. <br>
<!-- jsp1 包含jsp2 -->
<%@ include file="Jsp2.jsp" %>
</body>
</html>
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="ISO-8859-1"%>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<base href="<%=basePath%>">
<title>My JSP 'Jsp2.jsp' starting page</title>
<meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="cache-control" content="no-cache">
<meta http-equiv="expires" content="0">
<meta http-equiv="keywords" content="keyword1,keyword2,keyword3">
<meta http-equiv="description" content="This is my page">
<!--
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styles.css">
-->
</head>
<body>
This is my JSP2 page. <br>
</body>
</html>
jsp1.jsp和jsp2.jsp有一点不同的是jsp2,jsp没有:
<%
String path = request.getContextPath();
String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";
%>
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