MySQL explain & 有/无索引的区间查找

转载自: https://www.cnblogs.com/phpdragon/p/8231533.html,实践如下


  • MySQL explain

https://www.cnblogs.com/xuanzhi201111/p/4175635.html

  • type表示MySQL在表中找到所需行的方式,又称“访问类型”。

常用的类型有: ALL, index, range, ref, eq_ref, const, system, NULL(从左到右,性能从差到好)

  1. ALL:Full Table Scan, MySQL将遍历全表以找到匹配的行

  2. index: Full Index Scan,index与ALL区别为index类型只遍历索引树

  3. range:只检索给定范围的行,使用一个索引来选择行

  4. ref: 表示上述表的连接匹配条件,即哪些列或常量被用于查找索引列上的值

  5. eq_ref: 类似ref,区别就在使用的索引是唯一索引,对于每个索引键值,表中只有一条记录匹配,简单来说,就是多表连接中使用primary key或者 unique key作为关联条件

  6. const、system: 当MySQL对查询某部分进行优化,并转换为一个常量时,使用这些类型访问。如将主键置于where列表中,MySQL就能将该查询转换为一个常量,system是const类型的特例,当查询的表只有一行的情况下,使用system

  7. NULL: MySQL在优化过程中分解语句,执行时甚至不用访问表或索引,例如从一个索引列里选取最小值可以通过单独索引查找完成。

主键区间查询

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT id, username, email, PASSWORD FROM test_user WHERE id > 8999990 AND id < 8999999;
+----+-------------+-----------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table     | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-----------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | test_user | range | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 8       | NULL |    7 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>
mysql> SELECT count(*) FROM test_user WHERE id > 8900000 AND id < 8999999;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
|    99998 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.03 sec)

mysql> SELECT count(*) FROM test_user WHERE id > 8999900 AND id < 8999999;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
|       98 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

查询时间跟查询的区间数据量成相对的正比增长,同时使用到了主键索引。

字符串区间查找

SELECT id, username, email, PASSWORD FROM test_user WHERE username > 'username_800000' AND `password` > '7ece221bf3f5dbddbe3c2770ac19b419';

1121471 rows in set (3.58 sec)

查询未使用索引和聚合索引,进行了全表扫描,所以查询比较的慢。

mysql> explain SELECT id, username, email, PASSWORD FROM test_user WHERE username > 'username_800000' AND `password` > '7ece221bf3f5dbddbe3c2770ac19b419';
+----+-------------+-----------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+------+---------+------+---------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table     | type | possible_keys                                                         | key  | key_len | ref  | rows    | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+------+---------+------+---------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | test_user | ALL  | index_name,index_union_name_password,index_union_name_password_status | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 9702644 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+------+---------+------+---------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>
  • username 虽然有索引,但是区间查询仍然是遍历全表
mysql> show index in test_user;
+-----------+------------+----------------------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table     | Non_unique | Key_name                         | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+-----------+------------+----------------------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| test_user |          0 | PRIMARY                          |            1 | id          | A         |     9702644 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |
| test_user |          1 | index_name                       |            1 | username    | A         |     9702644 |     NULL | NULL   | YES  | BTREE      |         |               |
| test_user |          1 | index_union_name_password        |            1 | username    | A         |     9702644 |     NULL | NULL   | YES  | BTREE      |         |               |
| test_user |          1 | index_union_name_password        |            2 | password    | A         |     9702644 |     NULL | NULL   | YES  | BTREE      |         |               |
| test_user |          1 | index_union_name_password_status |            1 | username    | A         |     9702644 |     NULL | NULL   | YES  | BTREE      |         |               |
| test_user |          1 | index_union_name_password_status |            2 | password    | A         |     9702644 |     NULL | NULL   | YES  | BTREE      |         |               |
| test_user |          1 | index_union_name_password_status |            3 | status      | A         |     9702644 |     NULL | NULL   | YES  | BTREE      |         |               |
+-----------+------------+----------------------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>  explain SELECT id, username, email, PASSWORD FROM test_user WHERE username > 'username_900000';
+----+-------------+-----------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+------+---------+------+---------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table     | type | possible_keys                                                         | key  | key_len | ref  | rows    | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+------+---------+------+---------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | test_user | ALL  | index_name,index_union_name_password,index_union_name_password_status | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 9702644 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+------+---------+------+---------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> explain SELECT id, username, email, PASSWORD FROM test_user WHERE username > 'username_000000' and username < 'username_900000';
+----+-------------+-----------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+------+---------+------+---------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table     | type | possible_keys                                                         | key  | key_len | ref  | rows    | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+------+---------+------+---------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | test_user | ALL  | index_name,index_union_name_password,index_union_name_password_status | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 9702644 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+------+---------+------+---------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.05 sec)

mysql>

非字符串,有/无索引的区间查询对比

使用了index 遍历索引树的方式

mysql> desc test_user;
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field    | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id       | bigint(20)  | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| username | varchar(50) | YES  | MUL | NULL    |                |
| email    | varchar(30) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| password | varchar(32) | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| status   | tinyint(1)  | YES  |     | 0       |                |
+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> explain SELECT count(*) FROM test_user WHERE status > 0;
+----+-------------+-----------+-------+---------------+----------------------------------+---------+------+---------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table     | type  | possible_keys | key                              | key_len | ref  | rows    | Extra                    |
+----+-------------+-----------+-------+---------------+----------------------------------+---------+------+---------+--------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | test_user | index | NULL          | index_union_name_password_status | 254     | NULL | 9702644 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-----------+-------+---------------+----------------------------------+---------+------+---------+--------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
  • 新增普通的Integer字段

同样的查询,主键是range(查询需要 0.09 sec), 非主键是扫描全表的方式((需要 3.45 sec)

mysql> EXPLAIN select * from test_user where id > 900000 and id < 1000000;
+----+-------------+-----------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table     | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows   | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-----------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | test_user | range | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 8       | NULL | 197944 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+--------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> EXPLAIN select * from test_user where no > 900000 and no < 1000000;
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+---------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table     | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows    | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+---------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | test_user | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 9710494 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+---------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>
  • 普通字段添加索引
mysql> ALTER TABLE `test_user` ADD INDEX no_index(`no`);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (15.13 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> show index in test_user;
+-----------+------------+----------------------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| Table     | Non_unique | Key_name                         | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |
+-----------+------------+----------------------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
| test_user |          0 | PRIMARY                          |            1 | id          | A         |     9710494 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |
| test_user |          1 | index_name                       |            1 | username    | A         |     9710494 |     NULL | NULL   | YES  | BTREE      |         |               |
| test_user |          1 | index_union_name_password        |            1 | username    | A         |     9710494 |     NULL | NULL   | YES  | BTREE      |         |               |
| test_user |          1 | index_union_name_password        |            2 | password    | A         |     9710494 |     NULL | NULL   | YES  | BTREE      |         |               |
| test_user |          1 | index_union_name_password_status |            1 | username    | A         |     9710494 |     NULL | NULL   | YES  | BTREE      |         |               |
| test_user |          1 | index_union_name_password_status |            2 | password    | A         |     9710494 |     NULL | NULL   | YES  | BTREE      |         |               |
| test_user |          1 | index_union_name_password_status |            3 | status      | A         |     9710494 |     NULL | NULL   | YES  | BTREE      |         |               |
| test_user |          1 | no_index                         |            1 | no          | A         |     9710494 |     NULL | NULL   | YES  | BTREE      |         |               |
+-----------+------------+----------------------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>
  • 再次查询,会采用range方式查询
mysql> EXPLAIN select * from test_user where no > 900000 and no < 1000000;
+----+-------------+-----------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+--------+-----------------------+
| id | select_type | table     | type  | possible_keys | key      | key_len | ref  | rows   | Extra                 |
+----+-------------+-----------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+--------+-----------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | test_user | range | no_index      | no_index | 5       | NULL | 196280 | Using index condition |
+----+-------------+-----------+-------+---------------+----------+---------+------+--------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

补充代码

ALTER TABLE test_user add COLUMN `no` int(11) DEFAULT 0;

CREATE DEFINER=`root`@`localhost` PROCEDURE `sample_data`.`update_no`()
BEGIN
    DECLARE i int;
    set i = 1;
    while i <= 10000000 do
        UPDATE test_user set no = i where id = i;
        set i = i + 1;
    end WHILE;
END

call update_no();
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