类变量与实例变量

https://docs.python.org/3.7/tutorial/classes.html#method-objects

9.3.5. Class and Instance Variables

通常来看，实例变量是每个实例独有的，例如数据变量，而类变量，例如类属性和类方法，是类的所有实例共享的。

Generally speaking, instance variables are for data unique to each instance and class variables are for attributes and methods shared by all instances of the class:

class Dog:

    kind = 'canine'         # class variable shared by all instances

    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name    # instance variable unique to each instance

>>> d = Dog('Fido')
>>> e = Dog('Buddy')
>>> d.kind                  # shared by all dogs
'canine'
>>> e.kind                  # shared by all dogs
'canine'
>>> d.name                  # unique to d
'Fido'
>>> e.name                  # unique to e
'Buddy'