RedHat&CentOS&Rockylinux5&6&7&8系统管理常用命令总结

系统基础知识

Task	RHEL5	RHEL6	RHEL7	RHEL8
查看订阅信息	/etc/sysconfig/rhn/systemid	/etc/sysconfig/rhn/systemid subscription-manager identity	subscription-manager identity
配置订阅	rhn_register1	rhn_register rhnreg_ks subscription-manager	subscription-manager2 rhn_register 3
查看RHEL版本信息	/etc/redhat-release
查看系统配置文件	sosreport dmidecode hwbrowser	sosreport dmidecode lstopo lscpu		sosreport dmidecode lstopo lscpu cat /proc/cpuinfo lshw

基本配置

Task	RHEL5	RHEL6	RHEL7	RHEL8
图形化配置工具	system-config-*		gnome-control-center
基于文本的配置工具	system-config-*-tui
配置打印机	system-config-printer			gnome-control-center
配置网络	system-config-network		nmcli nmtui nm-connection-editor	nmcli nmtui nm-connection-editor gnome-control-center
Configure system language	system-config-language		localectl	localectl gnome-control-center
Configure time and date	system-config-date date		timedatectl date	timedatectl date gnome-control-center
Synchronize time and date	ntpdate /etc/ntp.conf		timedatectl /etc/chrony.conf ntpdate	timedatectl date /etc/chrony.conf chronyc
Configure keyboard	system-config-keyboard		localectl	localectl gnome-control-center
Configure SSH	/etc/ssh/ssh_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config ~/.ssh/config ssh-keygen

工作和服务

Task	RHEL5	RHEL6	RHEL7	RHEL8
List all services	chkconfig --list ls /etc/init.d/		systemctl -at service ls /etc/systemd/system/*.service ls /usr/lib/systemd/system/*.service	systemctl list-units -at service find /etc/systemd/ /usr/lib/systemd/ /run/systemd/ -name *.service"
List running services	service --status-all		systemctl -t service --state=active
Start/stop service	service name start service name stop		systemctl start name.service systemctl stop name.service
Enable/disable service	chkconfig name on chkconfig name off		systemctl enable name.service systemctl disable name.service
View service status	service name status		systemctl status name.service
Check if service is enabled	chkconfig name --list		systemctl is-enabled name
Create new service file or modify configuration创建新的服务文件或修改配置	chkconfig --add		systemctl daemon-reload /etc/systemd/system/*.service
View run level/target查看运行级别/目标	runlevel who -r		systemctl get-default who -r
Change run level/target	/etc/inittab init run_level		systemctl isolate name.target systemctl set-default
Configure logging配置日志记录	/etc/syslog.conf	/etc/rsyslog.conf	/etc/rsyslog.conf /etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf /var/log/journal systemd-journald.service
View logs	/var/log		/var/log journalctl
Configure system audit配置系统审计	add audit=1 to kernel cmdline auditctl /etc/audit/auditd.conf /etc/audit/audit.rules authconfig /etc/pam.d/system-auth pam_tty_audit kernel module			add audit=1 to kernel cmdline auditctl /etc/audit/auditd.conf /etc/audit/audit.rules authconfig /etc/pam.d/system-auth tlog
View audit output查看审计输出	aureport /var/log/faillog
Schedule/batch tasks	cron at batch			cron at batch systemd-run --on-calendar
Find file by name	locate
Find file by characteristic按特征查找文件	find
Create archive创建存档	tar cpio zip xz

内核、启动和硬件

Task	RHEL5	RHEL6	RHEL7	RHEL8
Single user/rescue mode	append 1 or s or init=/bin/bash to kernel cmdline		append 1 or s or rd.break or init=/bin/bash to kernel cmdline
Shut down system	shutdown
Power off system	poweroff		poweroff systemctl poweroff
Halt system	halt		halt systemctl halt
Reboot system	reboot		reboot systemctl reboot
Configure default run level/target	/etc/inittab		systemctl set-default
Configure GRUB bootloader	/boot/grub/grub.conf		/etc/default/grub grub2-mkconfig grub-set-default
Configure kernel module	modprobe
View hardware configured	hwbrowser	lshw (in EPEL)		lshw
Configure hardware device	udev
View kernel parameters	sysctl -a cat /proc/cmdline
Load kernel module	modprobe
Remove kernel module	modprobe -r
View kernel version	rpm -q kernel uname -r

软件管理

Task	RHEL5	RHEL6	RHEL7	RHEL8
Install software	yum install yum groupinstall		yum install yum group install
View software info	yum info yum groupinfo		yum info yum group info
Update software	yum update
Upgrade software	yum upgrade
Configure software repository	subscription-manager repos /etc/yum.repos.d/*.repo
Find package owning file	rpm -qf filename yum provides filename-glob
View software version	rpm -q packagename			yum list installed packagename rpm -q packagename
View installed software	rpm -qa yum list installed
Install a module				yum module install module_name
View info on a module				yum module info module_name
View a module's streams				yum module info module_name
Change module streams				yum module remove module_name:stream yum module reset module:stream yum module install module:new_stream
List available modules				yum module list

用户管理

Task	RHEL5	RHEL6	RHEL7	RHEL7
Graphical user management	system-config-users				gnome-control-center
Create user account	useradd
Delete user account	userdel
View/change user account details	usermod /etc/passwd vipw id
Create user group	groupadd
Delete user group	groupdel
Change group details	groupmod /etc/group
Change user password	passwd
Change user permissions	usermod visudo
Change group permissions	groupmod visudo
Change password policy	chage
View user sessions	w

文件系统、卷和磁盘

Task	RHEL5	RHEL6	RHEL7	RHEL8
Default file system	ext3	ext4	xfs
Create/modify disk partitions	fdisk parted		fdisk gdisk parted ssm create	parted fdisk gdisk ssm_create
Format disk partition	mkfs.filesystem_type (ext4, xfs) mkswap		mkfs.filesystem_type (ext4, xfs) mkswap ssm create
Defragment disk space	copy data to new file system fsck (look for 'non-contiguous inodes')	copy data to new file system fsck (look for 'non-contiguous inodes') xfs_fsr
Mount storage	mount /etc/fstab		mount /etc/fstab ssm mount
Mount and activate swap	/etc/fstab swapon -a
Configure static mounts	/etc/fstab
View free disk space	df
View logical volume info	lvdisplay lvs vgdisplay vgs pvdisplay pvs
Create physical volume	pvcreate			pvcreate ssm create (if backend is lvm)
Create volume group	vgcreate			vgcreate ssm create (if backend is lvm)
Create logical volume	lvcreate			lvcreate ssm create (if backend is lvm)
Enlarge volumes formatted with default file system	vgextend lvextend resize2fs		vgextend lvextend xfs_growfs ssm resize
Shrink volumes formatted with default file system	resize2fs lvreduce vgreduce		XFS cannot currently be shrunk; copy desired data to a smaller file system.
Check/repair file system	fsck			fsck ssm check
View NFS share	showmount -e mount
Configure NFS share	/etc/exports service nfs reload		/etc/exports systemctl reload nfs.service
Configure on-demand auto-mounts	/etc/auto.master.d/*.autofs /etc/auto.*
Change file permissions	chmod chown chgrp umask (future file creation)
Change file attributes	chattr
Change access control list	setfacl

联网

Task	RHEL5	RHEL6	RHEL7	RHEL8
Configure name resolution	/etc/hosts /etc/resolv.conf		/etc/hosts /etc/resolv.conf nmcli con mod
Configure hostname	/etc/sysconfig/network		hostnamectl /etc/hostname nmtui
View network interface info	ip addr ifconfig brctl		ip addr nmcli dev show teamdctl brctl bridge
Configure network interface	/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-*		/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-* nmcli con [add|mod|edit] nmtui nm-connection-editor
View routes	ip route
Configure routes	ip route add system-config-network /etc/sysconfig/route-iface		ip route add nmcli nmtui nm-connection-editor /etc/sysconfig/route-iface
Configure firewall	iptables and ip6tables /etc/sysconfig/ip*tables	iptables and ip6tables /etc/sysconfig/ip*tables system-config-firewall	firewall-cmd firewall-config	firewall-cmd firewall-config nftables
View ports/sockets	ss lsof netstat		ss lsof netstat	ss lsof netstat pcp-dstat --socket

安全性和标识

Task	RHEL5	RHEL6	RHEL7	RHEL8
Configure system security	/etc/selinux/config chcon restorecon semanage setsebool system-config-selinux
Report on system security	sealert
LDAP, SSSD, Kerberos	authconfig authconfig-tui authconfig-gtk			authselect
Network users	getent

资源管理

Task	RHEL5	RHEL6	RHEL7	RHEL8
Trace system calls	strace
Trace library calls	ltrace
Change process priority	nice renice
Change process run location	taskset
Kill a process	kill pkill killall
View system usage	top ps sar iostat netstat vmstat mpstat numastat	top ps sar iostat netstat ss vmstat mpstat numastat tuna	top ps sar iostat ss vmstat mpstat numastat tuna	pcp atop top ps sar iostat ss vmstat mpstat numastat tuna
View disk usage	df	df iostat		pcp-dstat pmiostat df iostat