一、入题
ReentrantLock是Java并发包中互斥锁,它有公平锁和非公平锁两种实现方式,以lock()为例,其使用方式为:
- ReentrantLock takeLock = new ReentrantLock();
- // 获取锁
- takeLock.lock();
- try {
- // 业务逻辑
- } finally {
- // 释放锁
- takeLock.unlock();
- }
ReentrantLock takeLock = new ReentrantLock();
// 获取锁
takeLock.lock();
try {
// 业务逻辑
} finally {
// 释放锁
takeLock.unlock();
}
那么,ReentrantLock内部是如何实现锁的呢?接下来我们就以JDK1.7中的ReentrantLock的lock()为例详细研究下。
二、ReentrantLock类的结构
ReentrantLock类实现了Lock和java.io.Serializable接口,其内部有一个实现锁功能的关键成员变量Sync类型的sync,定义如下:
- /** Synchronizer providing all implementation mechanics */
- private final Sync sync;
/** Synchronizer providing all implementation mechanics */
private final Sync sync;
而这个Sync是继承了AbstractQueuedSynchronizer的内部抽象类,主要由它负责实现锁的功能。关于AbstractQueuedSynchronizer我们会在以后详细介绍,你只要知道它内部存在一个获取锁的等待队列及其互斥锁状态下的int状态位(0当前没有线程持有该锁、n存在某线程重入锁n次)即可,该状态位也可用于其它诸如共享锁、信号量等功能。
Sync在ReentrantLock中有两种实现类:NonfairSync、FairSync,正好对应了ReentrantLock的非公平锁、公平锁两大类型。
三、获取锁主体流程
ReentrantLock的锁功能主要是通过继承了AbstractQueuedSynchronizer的内部类Sync来实现的,其lock()获取锁的主要流程如下:
首先,ReentrantLock的lock()方法会调用其内部成员变量sync的lock()方法;
其次,sync的非公平锁NonfairSync或公平锁FairSync实现了父类AbstractQueuedSynchronizer的lock()方法,其会调用acquire()方法;
然后,acquire()方法则在sync父类AbstractQueuedSynchronizer中实现,它只有一段代码:
- public final void acquire(int arg) {
- if (!tryAcquire(arg) &&
- acquireQueued(addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE), arg))
- selfInterrupt();
- }
public final void acquire(int arg) {
if (!tryAcquire(arg) &&
acquireQueued(addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE), arg))
selfInterrupt();
}
通过tryAcquire()方法试图获取锁,获取到直接返回结果,否则通过嵌套调用acquireQueued()、addWaiter()方法将请求获取锁的线程加入等待队列,如果成功的话,将当前请求线程阻塞,and,over!
队列如何实现及如何添加到队列中以后再做详细分析!这里只关注ReentrantLock的实现逻辑。
上述就是公平锁、非公平锁实现获取锁的主要流程,而针对每种锁来说,其实现方式有很大差别,主要就体现在各自实现类的lock()和tryAcquire()方法中。在sync的抽象类Sync及其抽象父类AbstractQueuedSynchronizer中,lock()方法和tryAcquire()方法被定义为抽象方法或者未实现,而是由具体子类去实现:
- /**
- * Performs {@link Lock#lock}. The main reason for subclassing
- * is to allow fast path for nonfair version.
- */
- abstract void lock();
/**
* Performs {@link Lock#lock}. The main reason for subclassing
* is to allow fast path for nonfair version.
*/
abstract void lock();
- /**
- * Attempts to acquire in exclusive mode. This method should query
- * if the state of the object permits it to be acquired in the
- * exclusive mode, and if so to acquire it.
- *
- * <p>This method is always invoked by the thread performing
- * acquire. If this method reports failure, the acquire method
- * may queue the thread, if it is not already queued, until it is
- * signalled by a release from some other thread. This can be used
- * to implement method {@link Lock#tryLock()}.
- *
- * <p>The default
- * implementation throws {@link UnsupportedOperationException}.
- *
- * @param arg the acquire argument. This value is always the one
- * passed to an acquire method, or is the value saved on entry
- * to a condition wait. The value is otherwise uninterpreted
- * and can represent anything you like.
- * @return {@code true} if successful. Upon success, this object has
- * been acquired.
- * @throws IllegalMonitorStateException if acquiring would place this
- * synchronizer in an illegal state. This exception must be
- * thrown in a consistent fashion for synchronization to work
- * correctly.
- * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if exclusive mode is not supported
- */
- protected boolean tryAcquire(int arg) {
- throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
- }
/**
* Attempts to acquire in exclusive mode. This method should query
* if the state of the object permits it to be acquired in the
* exclusive mode, and if so to acquire it.
*
* <p>This method is always invoked by the thread performing
* acquire. If this method reports failure, the acquire method
* may queue the thread, if it is not already queued, until it is
* signalled by a release from some other thread. This can be used
* to implement method {@link Lock#tryLock()}.
*
* <p>The default
* implementation throws {@link UnsupportedOperationException}.
*
* @param arg the acquire argument. This value is always the one
* passed to an acquire method, or is the value saved on entry
* to a condition wait. The value is otherwise uninterpreted
* and can represent anything you like.
* @return {@code true} if successful. Upon success, this object has
* been acquired.
* @throws IllegalMonitorStateException if acquiring would place this
* synchronizer in an illegal state. This exception must be
* thrown in a consistent fashion for synchronization to work
* correctly.
* @throws UnsupportedOperationException if exclusive mode is not supported
*/
protected boolean tryAcquire(int arg) {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
}
下面,我们分别研究下非公平锁和公平锁的实现。
四、非公平锁NonfairSync
1、lock()方法
- /**
- * Performs lock. Try immediate barge, backing up to normal
- * acquire on failure.
- */
- final void lock() {
- if (compareAndSetState(0, 1))
- setExclusiveOwnerThread(Thread.currentThread());
- else
- acquire(1);
- }
/**
* Performs lock. Try immediate barge, backing up to normal
* acquire on failure.
*/
final void lock() {
if (compareAndSetState(0, 1))
setExclusiveOwnerThread(Thread.currentThread());
else
acquire(1);
}
通过代码可以看到,非公平锁上来就无视等待队列的存在而抢占锁,通过基于CAS操作的compareAndSetState(0, 1)方法,试图修改当前锁的状态,这个0表示AbstractQueuedSynchronizer内部的一种状态,针对互斥锁则是尚未有线程持有该锁,而>=1则表示存在线程持有该锁,并重入对应次数,这个上来就CAS的操作也是非公共锁的一种体现,CAS操作成功的话,则将当前线程设置为该锁的唯一拥有者。
抢占不成功的话,则调用父类的acquire()方法,按照上面讲的,继而会调用tryAcquire()方法,这个方法也是由最终实现类NonfairSync实现的,如下:
- protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {
- return nonfairTryAcquire(acquires);
- }
protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {
return nonfairTryAcquire(acquires);
}
2、tryAcquire()
而这个nonfairTryAcquire()方法实现如下:
- /**
- * Performs non-fair tryLock. tryAcquire is
- * implemented in subclasses, but both need nonfair
- * try for trylock method.
- */
- final boolean nonfairTryAcquire(int acquires) {
- final Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
- int c = getState();
- if (c == 0) {
- if (compareAndSetState(0, acquires)) {
- setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
- return true;
- }
- }
- else if (current == getExclusiveOwnerThread()) {
- int nextc = c + acquires;
- if (nextc < 0) // overflow
- throw new Error(“Maximum lock count exceeded”);
- setState(nextc);
- return true;
- }
- return false;
- }
/**
* Performs non-fair tryLock. tryAcquire is
* implemented in subclasses, but both need nonfair
* try for trylock method.
*/
final boolean nonfairTryAcquire(int acquires) {
final Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
int c = getState();
if (c == 0) {
if (compareAndSetState(0, acquires)) {
setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
return true;
}
}
else if (current == getExclusiveOwnerThread()) {
int nextc = c + acquires;
if (nextc < 0) // overflow
throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
setState(nextc);
return true;
}
return false;
}
还是上来先判断锁的状态,通过CAS来抢占,抢占成功,直接返回true,如果锁的持有者线程为当前线程的话,则通过累加状态标识重入次数。抢占不成功,或者锁的本身持有者不是当前线程,则返回false,继而后续通过进入等待队列的方式排队获取锁。可以通过以下简单的图来理解:
五、公平锁FairSync
1、lock()
公平锁的lock()方法就比较简单了,直接调用acquire()方法,如下:
- final void lock() {
- acquire(1);
- }
final void lock() {
acquire(1);
}
2、tryAcquire()
公平锁的tryAcquire()方法也相对较简单,如下:
- /**
- * Fair version of tryAcquire. Don’t grant access unless
- * recursive call or no waiters or is first.
- */
- protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {
- final Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
- int c = getState();
- if (c == 0) {
- if (!hasQueuedPredecessors() &&
- compareAndSetState(0, acquires)) {
- setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
- return true;
- }
- }
- else if (current == getExclusiveOwnerThread()) {
- int nextc = c + acquires;
- if (nextc < 0)
- throw new Error(“Maximum lock count exceeded”);
- setState(nextc);
- return true;
- }
- return false;
- }
/**
* Fair version of tryAcquire. Don't grant access unless
* recursive call or no waiters or is first.
*/
protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {
final Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
int c = getState();
if (c == 0) {
if (!hasQueuedPredecessors() &&
compareAndSetState(0, acquires)) {
setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
return true;
}
}
else if (current == getExclusiveOwnerThread()) {
int nextc = c + acquires;
if (nextc < 0)
throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
setState(nextc);
return true;
}
return false;
}
当前线程会在得到当前锁状态为0,即没有线程持有该锁,并且通过!hasQueuedPredecessors()判断当前等待队列没有前继线程(也就是说,没有比我优先级更高的线程在请求锁了)获取锁的情况下,通过CAS抢占锁,并设置自己为锁的当前拥有者,当然,如果是重入的话,和非公平锁处理一样,通过累加状态位标记重入次数。
而一旦等待队列中有等待者,或当前线程抢占锁失败,则它会乖乖的进入等待队列排队等待。公平锁的实现大致如下:
六、默认实现
ReentrantLock的默认实现为非公平锁,如下:
- /**
- * Creates an instance of {@code ReentrantLock}.
- * This is equivalent to using {@code ReentrantLock(false)}.
- */
- public ReentrantLock() {
- sync = new NonfairSync();
- }
/**
* Creates an instance of {@code ReentrantLock}.
* This is equivalent to using {@code ReentrantLock(false)}.
*/
public ReentrantLock() {
sync = new NonfairSync();
}
当然,你也可以通过另外一个构造方法指定锁的实现方式,如下:
- /**
- * Creates an instance of {@code ReentrantLock} with the
- * given fairness policy.
- *
- * @param fair {@code true} if this lock should use a fair ordering policy
- */
- public ReentrantLock(boolean fair) {
- sync = fair ? new FairSync() : new NonfairSync();
- }
/**
* Creates an instance of {@code ReentrantLock} with the
* given fairness policy.
*
* @param fair {@code true} if this lock should use a fair ordering policy
*/
public ReentrantLock(boolean fair) {
sync = fair ? new FairSync() : new NonfairSync();
}
即便是公平锁,如果通过不带超时时间限制的tryLock()的方式获取锁的话,它也是不公平的,因为其内部调用的是sync.nonfairTryAcquire()方法,无论抢到与否,都会同步返回。如下:
- public boolean tryLock() {
- return sync.nonfairTryAcquire(1);
- }
public boolean tryLock() {
return sync.nonfairTryAcquire(1);
}
但是带有超时时间限制的tryLock(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)方法则不一样,还是会遵循公平或非公平的原则的,如下:
- public boolean tryLock(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
- throws InterruptedException {
- return sync.tryAcquireNanos(1, unit.toNanos(timeout));
- }
public boolean tryLock(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
throws InterruptedException {
return sync.tryAcquireNanos(1, unit.toNanos(timeout));
}
其它流程都比较简单,读者可自行翻阅Java源码查看!