【算法和数据结构】图(三)最小生成树之Kruskal算法(C++实现)

      在前面两节图的最小生成树之Prim算法的基础上,这里给出另外一种求解MST(最小生成树)的算法—–Kruskal算法

       Kruskal算法可以概括为:

  1. 取出连通无向图G的所有边。
  2. 从第一步形成的边集合中选取权值最小的边,加入最小生成树边集合T中。
  3. 求出第二步中选出边的两端顶点,判断他们所在顶点集的关系以确认是否存在回路。若不存在回路,则确认将此最小边加入T中,若存在回路,则丢弃。

       同Prim算法,我们用下面这一连通无向图作为示例:
这里写图片描述

       下面给出实现代码以及测试代码:(在以及Prim算法的基础上增加而来,若读者觉得阅读有困难,可参看前两节文章)

#include<iostream>
#include<cstdlib>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;

/*节点类*/
class Node
{
public:
    Node(char identifier = 0);

    char m_identifier;       //顶点编号
    bool m_isVisited;        //顶点访问标志位:true表示已经被访问
};
Node::Node(char identifier)
{
    m_identifier = identifier;
    m_isVisited = false;
}


/*边类,用于辅助实现生成最小生成树*/
class Edge
{
public:
    Edge(int NodeIndexA = 0, int NodeIndexB = 0, int WeightValue = 0);

    int m_NodeIndexA, m_NodeIndexB;    //边的两端点(索引),这里以无向图为例
    int m_weightValue;                 //边的权值
    bool m_selected;                   //选择标志位,true表示已被选择
};
Edge::Edge(int NodeIndexA, int NodeIndexB, int WeightValue)
{
    m_NodeIndexA = NodeIndexA;
    m_NodeIndexB = NodeIndexB;
    m_weightValue = WeightValue;
    m_selected = false;      //初始时未被选择
}

/*图类*/
class Graph
{
public:
    Graph(int capacity);
    ~Graph();

    int getGraphSize();            //获取当前图的大小
    void resetNode();              //重置所有顶点的访问标志位为false,未访问
    bool addNode(Node *pNode);     //添加新顶点
    bool addEdgeForUndirectedGraph(int row, int col, int val = 1); //添加边以构造无向图,val表示权值,默认权值1
    bool addEdgeForDirectedGraph(int row, int col, int val = 1);   //添加边以构造有向图,val表示权值,默认权值1
    void printMatrix();   //打印邻接矩阵

    void depthFirstTraverse(int nodeIndex);   //深度优先遍历,指定第一个点
    void widthFirstTraverse(int nodeIndex);   //广度优先遍历,指定第一个点

    void MSTPrim(int nodeIndex);        //Prim算法求最小生成树,指定第一个点
    void MSTKruskal();     //Kruskal算法求最小生成树,指定第一个点

private:
    bool getValueOfEdge(int row, int col, int &val);  //获取边权值
    void widthFirstTraverseImplement(vector<int> preVec);  //利用vector实现广度优先遍历

    int getMinEdge(vector<Edge> edgeVec);  //最小生成树算法辅助函数,用于在边集中选择权值最小的边
    bool isInSet(vector<int> nodeSet, int target);  //Kruskal辅助函数,用于判断指定顶点是否在给定点集中
    void mergeNodeSets(vector<int> &nodeSetA, vector<int> nodeSetB);  //Kruscal辅助函数,用于合并两个点集

    int m_iCapacity;     //图容量,即申请的数组空间最多可容纳的顶点个数
    int m_iNodeCount;    //图的现有顶点个数
    Node *m_pNodeArray;  //存放顶点的数组
    int *m_pMatrix;      //为了方便,用一维数组存放邻接矩阵

    Edge *m_pEgde;       //边指针,存储最小生成树的边
};
Graph::Graph(int capacity)
{
    m_iCapacity = capacity;
    m_iNodeCount = 0;

    m_pNodeArray = new Node[m_iCapacity];
    m_pMatrix = new int[m_iCapacity*m_iCapacity];

    for (int i = 0;i < m_iCapacity*m_iCapacity;i++)  //初始化邻接矩阵
    {
        m_pMatrix[i] = 0;
    }

    m_pEgde = new Edge[m_iCapacity - 1];    //最小生成树节点和边数量关系
}
Graph::~Graph()
{
    delete []m_pNodeArray;
    delete []m_pMatrix;
    delete []m_pEgde;
}

int Graph::getGraphSize()
{
    return m_iNodeCount;
}
void Graph::resetNode()
{
    for (int i = 0;i < m_iNodeCount;i++)
    {
        m_pNodeArray[i].m_isVisited = false;
    }
}
bool Graph::addNode(Node *pNode)
{
    if (pNode == NULL)
        return false;
    m_pNodeArray[m_iNodeCount].m_identifier = pNode->m_identifier;
    m_iNodeCount++;
    return true;
}
bool Graph::addEdgeForUndirectedGraph(int row, int col, int val)
{
    if (row < 0 || row >= m_iCapacity)
        return false;
    if (col < 0 || col >= m_iCapacity)
        return false;
    m_pMatrix[row*m_iCapacity + col] = val;
    m_pMatrix[col*m_iCapacity + row] = val;
    return true;
}
bool Graph::addEdgeForDirectedGraph(int row, int col, int val)
{
    if (row < 0 || row >= m_iCapacity)
        return false;
    if (col < 0 || col >= m_iCapacity)
        return false;
    m_pMatrix[row*m_iCapacity + col] = val;
    return true;
}
void Graph::printMatrix()
{
    for (int i = 0;i < m_iCapacity;i++)
    {
        for (int k = 0;k < m_iCapacity;k++)
            cout << m_pMatrix[i*m_iCapacity + k] << " ";
        cout << endl;
    }
}

void Graph::depthFirstTraverse(int nodeIndex)
{
    int value = 0;

    //访问第一个顶点
    cout << m_pNodeArray[nodeIndex].m_identifier << " ";
    m_pNodeArray[nodeIndex].m_isVisited = true;

    //访问其他顶点
    for (int i = 0;i < m_iCapacity;i++)
    {
        getValueOfEdge(nodeIndex, i, value);
        if (value != 0)   //当前顶点与指定顶点连通
        {
            if (m_pNodeArray[i].m_isVisited == true)  //当前顶点已被访问
                continue;
            else           //当前顶点没有被访问,则递归
            {
                depthFirstTraverse(i);
            }
        }
        else       //没有与指定顶点连通
        {
            continue;
        }
    }
}
void Graph::widthFirstTraverse(int nodeIndex)
{
    //访问第一个顶点
    cout << m_pNodeArray[nodeIndex].m_identifier << " ";
    m_pNodeArray[nodeIndex].m_isVisited = true;

    vector<int> curVec;
    curVec.push_back(nodeIndex);      //将第一个顶点存入一个数组
    widthFirstTraverseImplement(curVec);
}
void Graph::widthFirstTraverseImplement(vector<int> preVec)
{
    int value = 0;
    vector<int> curVec;    //定义数组保存当前层的顶点
    for (int j = 0;j < (int)preVec.size();j++)  //依次访问传入数组中的每个顶点
    {
        for (int i = 0;i < m_iCapacity;i++)  //传入的数组中的顶点是否与其他顶点连接
        {
            getValueOfEdge(preVec[j], i, value);
            if (value != 0)   //连通
            {
                if (m_pNodeArray[i].m_isVisited==true)  //已经被访问
                {
                    continue;
                }
                else   //没有被访问则访问
                {
                    cout << m_pNodeArray[i].m_identifier << " ";
                    m_pNodeArray[i].m_isVisited = true;

                    //保存当前点到数组
                    curVec.push_back(i);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    if (curVec.size()==0)   //本层次无被访问的点,则终止
    {
        return;
    }
    else
    {
        widthFirstTraverseImplement(curVec);
    }
}
bool Graph::getValueOfEdge(int row, int col, int &val)
{
    if (row < 0 || row >= m_iCapacity)
        return false;
    if (col < 0 || col >= m_iCapacity)
        return false;
    val = m_pMatrix[row*m_iCapacity + col];
    return true;
}

void Graph::MSTPrim(int nodeIndex)
{
    int value = 0;          //存储当前边的权值
    int edgeCount = 0;      //已选出的边数量,用以判断算法终结
    vector<int> nodeVec;    //存储点(索引)集的数组
    vector<Edge> edgeVec;   //存储边的数组

    cout << m_pNodeArray[nodeIndex].m_identifier << endl;

    nodeVec.push_back(nodeIndex);
    m_pNodeArray[nodeIndex].m_isVisited = true;

    while (edgeCount < m_iCapacity - 1)
    {
        int temp = nodeVec.back();           //将当前顶点索引复制给temp
        for (int i = 0;i < m_iCapacity;i++)  //循环判断每一个顶点与当前顶点连接情况
        {
            getValueOfEdge(temp, i, value);
            if (value != 0)  //连通
            {
                if (m_pNodeArray[i].m_isVisited == true) //已经被访问
                    continue;
                else //未被访问,则将边放入被选边集合
                {
                    Edge edge(temp, i, value);
                    edgeVec.push_back(edge);
                }
            }
        }
        /*选择最小边*/
        int edgeIndex = getMinEdge(edgeVec);
        if (edgeIndex == -1)
        {
            cout << "获取最小边失败,请重置后再试!" << endl;
            break;
        }

        edgeVec[edgeIndex].m_selected = true;   //设置选择标志位为true,已被选择

        cout << edgeVec[edgeIndex].m_NodeIndexA << "---" << edgeVec[edgeIndex].m_NodeIndexB<<" ";
        cout << edgeVec[edgeIndex].m_weightValue << endl;

        m_pEgde[edgeCount] = edgeVec[edgeIndex];
        edgeCount++;

        /*寻找当前选择的最小边相连的下一个顶点*/
        int nextNodeIndex = edgeVec[edgeIndex].m_NodeIndexB;
        nodeVec.push_back(nextNodeIndex);
        m_pNodeArray[nextNodeIndex].m_isVisited = true;

        cout << m_pNodeArray[nextNodeIndex].m_identifier << endl;
    }
    cout << "最小生成树计算完毕,如上所示!";
}
void Graph::MSTKruskal()
{
    int value = 0;          //存储当前边的权值
    int edgeCount = 0;      //已选出的边数量

    /*存放节点集合的数组,不同于Prim,Kruskal算法过程中可能出现多个点集*/
    vector<vector<int>> nodeSets;

    /*取出所有边*/
    vector<Edge> edgeVec;
    for (int i = 0;i < m_iCapacity;i++)     //去邻接矩阵的右上角的三角部分,不含对角线。无向图邻接矩阵对称
    {
        for (int k = i + 1;k < m_iCapacity;k++)
        {
            getValueOfEdge(i, k, value);
            if (value != 0)
            {
                Edge edge(i, k, value);
                edgeVec.push_back(edge);
            }
        }
    }

    /*循环寻找最小生成树的边*/
    while (edgeCount < m_iCapacity - 1)
    {
        int minEdgeIndex = getMinEdge(edgeVec);
        edgeVec[minEdgeIndex].m_selected = true;    //选出最小边,并标记为已选

        int nodeAIndex = edgeVec[minEdgeIndex].m_NodeIndexA;
        int nodeBIndex = edgeVec[minEdgeIndex].m_NodeIndexB;    //找出最小边两端顶点

        bool nodeAIsInSet = false;    //标记某个顶点是否在指定点集中
        bool nodeBIsInSet = false;    
        int nodeAInSetLabel = -1;     //某个顶点所在点集的索引
        int nodeBInSetLabel = -1;


        for (int i = 0;i < (int)nodeSets.size();i++)   //寻找A顶点所在点集
        {
            nodeAIsInSet = isInSet(nodeSets[i], nodeAIndex);
            if (nodeAIsInSet)
            {
                nodeAInSetLabel = i;       //保存当前点集索引
            }
        }
        for (int i = 0;i < (int)nodeSets.size();i++)   //寻找B顶点所在点集
        {
            nodeBIsInSet = isInSet(nodeSets[i], nodeBIndex);
            if (nodeBIsInSet)
            {
                nodeBInSetLabel = i;       //保存当前点集索引
            }
        }

        /*根据结果做相应处理*/
        if (nodeAInSetLabel == -1 && nodeBInSetLabel == -1)  //两顶点均不在已有点集中
        {
            //建立新的点集
            vector<int> vec;
            vec.push_back(nodeAIndex);
            vec.push_back(nodeBIndex);
            nodeSets.push_back(vec);
        }
        else if (nodeAInSetLabel == -1 && nodeBInSetLabel != -1)  //某顶点在已有点集中
        {
            //将另外一个节点加入已有点集
            nodeSets[nodeBInSetLabel].push_back(nodeAIndex);
        }
        else if (nodeAInSetLabel != -1 && nodeBInSetLabel == -1)
        {
            nodeSets[nodeAInSetLabel].push_back(nodeBIndex);
        }
        else if (nodeAInSetLabel != -1 && nodeBInSetLabel != -1 && nodeAInSetLabel != nodeBInSetLabel)  //两个顶点在不同的点集中
        {
            //合并两个集合,到前一参数点集,并将顶点从第二个参数点集删除
            mergeNodeSets(nodeSets[nodeAInSetLabel], nodeSets[nodeBInSetLabel]);
            for (int k = nodeBInSetLabel;k < (int)nodeSets.size()-1;k++)
            {
                nodeSets[k] = nodeSets[k + 1];
            }
        }
        else if (nodeAInSetLabel != -1 && nodeBInSetLabel != -1 && nodeAInSetLabel == nodeBInSetLabel)  //两个顶点在同一点集
        {
            //存在回路,放弃当前边
            continue;
        }

        m_pEgde[edgeCount] = edgeVec[minEdgeIndex];
        edgeCount++;

        cout << edgeVec[minEdgeIndex].m_NodeIndexA << "---" << edgeVec[minEdgeIndex].m_NodeIndexB << " ";
        cout << edgeVec[minEdgeIndex].m_weightValue << endl;
    }
}
int Graph::getMinEdge(vector<Edge> edgeVec)
{
    int minWeight = 0;   //用于辅助选择最小权值边
    int edgeIndex = 0;   //用于存储最小边索引
    int i = 0;

    /*找出第一条未被选择的边*/
    for (;i < (int)edgeVec.size();i++)
    {
        if (edgeVec[i].m_selected == false)  //当前边未被选择
        {
            minWeight = edgeVec[i].m_weightValue;
            edgeIndex = i;
            break;
        }
    }

    if (minWeight == 0)   //边集所有边被访问
    {
        return -1;
    }

    for (;i < (int)edgeVec.size();i++)
    {
        if (edgeVec[i].m_selected == true)
            continue;
        else
        {
            if (minWeight > edgeVec[i].m_weightValue)
            {
                minWeight = edgeVec[i].m_weightValue;
                edgeIndex = i;
            }
        }
    }

    return edgeIndex;
}
bool Graph::isInSet(vector<int> nodeSet, int target)
{
    for (int i = 0;i < (int)nodeSet.size();i++)
    {
        if (nodeSet[i] == target)
            return true;
    }
    return false;
}
void Graph::mergeNodeSets(vector<int> &nodeSetA, vector<int> nodeSetB)
{
    for (int i = 0;i < (int)nodeSetB.size();i++)
    {
        nodeSetA.push_back(nodeSetB[i]);
    }
}

int main()
{
    Graph *pGraph = new Graph(6);

    cout << "初始化顶点中……" << endl;
    Node *pNodeA = new Node('A');
    Node *pNodeB = new Node('B');
    Node *pNodeC = new Node('C');
    Node *pNodeD = new Node('D');
    Node *pNodeE = new Node('E');
    Node *pNodeF = new Node('F');

    cout << "添加顶点至图中……" << endl;
    pGraph->addNode(pNodeA);
    pGraph->addNode(pNodeB);
    pGraph->addNode(pNodeC);
    pGraph->addNode(pNodeD);
    pGraph->addNode(pNodeE);
    pGraph->addNode(pNodeF);

    pGraph->addEdgeForUndirectedGraph(0, 1, 6);
    pGraph->addEdgeForUndirectedGraph(0, 4, 5);
    pGraph->addEdgeForUndirectedGraph(0, 5, 1);
    pGraph->addEdgeForUndirectedGraph(1, 5, 2);
    pGraph->addEdgeForUndirectedGraph(1, 2, 3);
    pGraph->addEdgeForUndirectedGraph(2, 5, 8);
    pGraph->addEdgeForUndirectedGraph(2, 3, 7);
    pGraph->addEdgeForUndirectedGraph(3, 5, 4);
    pGraph->addEdgeForUndirectedGraph(3, 4, 2);
    pGraph->addEdgeForUndirectedGraph(4, 5, 9);


    cout << "邻接矩阵如下:" << endl;
    pGraph->printMatrix();
    cout << endl << endl;

    cout << "深度优先遍历:" << endl;
    pGraph->depthFirstTraverse(0);
    cout << endl << endl;

    pGraph->resetNode();

    cout << "广度优先遍历:" << endl;
    pGraph->widthFirstTraverse(0);
    cout << endl << endl;

    pGraph->resetNode();

    cout << "最小生成树为:" << endl;
    pGraph->MSTKruskal();
    cout << endl;

    system("pause");
}

       测试结果如下:
这里写图片描述

       在文章开始对Kruskal算法的描述中,涉及到循环的每一次都要寻找最小边的问题。我们可以换一种思路,作如下描述:

  1. 对G的边以飞降序权重排序。
  2. 对于排序表中的每条边,如果现在把它加入T不会形成回路,则将其加入T集合中,否则丢弃。

      有兴趣的读者可以自己用这一种算法描述来改进Krukal算法,这样就不需要每进行一次循环就需要调用getMinEdge()函数,可以减少算法时间开销。这样一来,若G含有m条边,则其算法时间复杂度为O(m * log m)。

        点击这里下载完整源码。

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