alter tablespace offline normal/ temporary/immediate

https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/12.2/sqlrf/ALTER-TABLESPACE.html#GUID-CA074861-55D3-4768-8995-43D4DA26365D

Before taking a tablespace offline for a long time, consider changing the tablespace allocation of any users who have been assigned the tablespace as either a default or temporary tablespace. While the tablespace is offline, such users cannot allocate space for objects or sort areas in the tablespace. See ALTER USER for more information on allocating tablespace quota to users.
在将表空间离线一段时间，考虑将已分配表空间的任何用户的表空间分配更改为默认或临时表空间。当表空间是离线的，用户将无法为对象分配空间和选择表空间上的区域。
Restriction on Taking Tablespaces Offline

You cannot take a temporary tablespace offline.
你无法让一个临时表空间离线。

OFFLINE NORMAL

Specify NORMAL to flush all blocks in all data files in the tablespace out of the system global area (SGA). You need not perform media recovery on this tablespace before bringing it back online. This is the default.
这个模式下，会将所有的SGA的数据刷新进入表空间里的数据文件中的块中，当表空间online时你不需要去执行介质恢复去恢复表空间。这个是默认的offline方式。

OFFLINE TEMPORARY

If you specify TEMPORARY, then Oracle Database performs a checkpoint for all online data files in the tablespace but does not ensure that all files can be written. Files that are offline when you issue this statement may require media recovery before you bring the tablespace back online.
这个模式下，数据库为所有的表空间的数据文件执行checkpoint，但是不会确定所有的文件是否被写入了。发出此指令的脱机文件将表空间online时可能会需要介质恢复。

OFFLINE IMMEDIATE

If you specify IMMEDIATE, then Oracle Database does not ensure that tablespace files are available and does not perform a checkpoint. You must perform media recovery on the tablespace before bringing it back online.

如果指定IMMEDIATE，则Oracle数据库不确保表空间文件可用且不执行检查点。 您必须先在表空间上执行介质恢复，然后再将其恢复为联机状态。