java面向对象的多态特性是什么？如何实现？

最新推荐文章于 2023-05-02 01:58:54 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2023-05-02 01:58:54 发布

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分类专栏： Java_面向对象文章标签：多态 java

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1.什么是多态性？

多态是指“许多形式”。在OOP中，多态性意味着类型可以在不同时间指向不同的对象。换句话说，引用类型所引用的实际对象可以在运行时确定。
在Java中，多态性基于继承和重写。

2.如何用Java实现多态？

在Java中，如果您具有带有两个或多个子类的超类（或超接口），则可以实现多态。

superInterface:Animal.interface

package Bean;

public interface Animal {

    public void move();

}

subclass:Bird.class

package Bean;

public class Bird implements Animal {
    @Override
    public void move() {
        System.out.println("Flying...");
    }
}

subclass:Fish.class

package Bean;

public class Fish implements Animal {
    @Override
    public void move() {
        System.out.println("Swimming...");
    }
}

As you can see, we have Animal as the super interface, and 2 sub classes: Bird and Fish.
Because the Bird implements Animal, or Bird is an Animal, we can write:

Animal animal = new Bird();

Because Fish is an Animal, it’s legal to write:

Animal animal1 = new Fish();

As you can see, we declare a reference variable called anim, which is of type Animal. Then we assign this reference variable to 3 different kinds of object: Dog, Bird and Fish.
You see? A reference type can take different objects (many forms). This is the simplest form of polymorphism, got it?

Now we come to a more interesting example to see the power of polymorphism.

java多态的概念

多态性是OOPs特性之一，它允许我们以不同的方式执行单个操作。例如，假设我们有一个类Animal，它有一个方法sound（）。因为这是一个泛型类，所以我们不能给它一个实现，比如：咆哮，喵喵，呜呜等等。我们必须给出一个通用的消息。

示例1：运行时多态

Animal.java

package Bean;

public class Animal {

    public void sound()
    {
        System.out.println("Animal is making a sound");
    }
}

现在，让我们说说动物类的两个子类：扩展了动物类的马和猫（请参见继承）。我们可以为相同的方法提供实现，如下所示：

Horse.java:

package Bean;

public class Horse extends Animal {

    @Override
    public void sound() {
        System.out.println("Neigh");
    }
}

and

Cat.java:

package Bean;

public class Cat extends Animal {
    @Override
    public void sound() {
        System.out.println("Meow");
    }
}

As you can see that although we had the common action for all subclasses sound() but there were different ways to do the same action.

This is a perfect example of polymorphism (feature that allows us to perform a single action in different ways).

It would not make any sense to just call the generic sound() method as each Animal has a different sound. Thus we can say that the action this method performs is based on the type of object.

什么是程序设计中的多态性？

多态性是一个方法基于它所作用的对象做不同事情的能力。换句话说，多态性允许定义一个接口并有多个实现。正如我们在上面的例子中看到的，我们定义了sound（）方法，并在不同的-2个子类中实现了它。
将在运行时确定将调用哪个sound（）方法，因此我们上面给出的示例是一个运行时多态示例。

测试Animal，Horse,Cat的运行时多态性

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Animal animal = new Horse();
        animal.sound();

        Animal animal1 = new Cat();
        animal1.sound();
    }

示例2：编译时多态

另一方面，方法重载是一个编译时多态性示例。

package Bean;

public class OverLoad {

    void demo(int a) {
        System.out.println("a:" + a);
    }

    void demo(int a, int b) {
        System.out.println("a and b:" + a + "," + b);
    }

    double demo(double a) {
        System.out.println("double a:" + a);
        return a * a;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        OverLoad overLoad = new OverLoad();
        double result;

        overLoad.demo(10);
        overLoad.demo(10, 20);
        result = overLoad.demo(5.5);

        System.out.println("O/P:" + result);
    }
}