Scala 模式匹配

模式匹配

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模式匹配是一种根据模式检查值的机制。一个成功的匹配也可以将一个值分解为它的组成部件。它类似于Java中switch语句的强化版本，可以用用于替换一系列if/else语句。

1 语法

匹配表达式需要有一个值，match关键字，以及最少一个case子句。

def matchTest(x:Int):String = x match {
    case 1 => "one"
    case 2 => "two"
    case _ => "many"
}

note：x为match操作符的左操作数，match的右边是具有三个case子句的表达式。
note：case _表示匹配一切。

2 匹配案例类

abstract class Notification
case class Email(sender:String, title: String, body: String) extends Notification
case class SMS(caller: String, message: String) extends Notification
case class VoiceRecording(contactName: String, link: String) extends Notification

def showNotification(notification: Notification): String = {
    notification match {
        case Email(email, title, _) => s"You got an email from $email with title: $title"
        case SMS(number, message) => s"You got an SMS from $number! Message: $message"
        case VoiceRecording(name, link) => s"you received a Voice Recording from $name! Click the link to hear it: $link"
    }
}

3 模式守卫

模式守卫是用于将case具体化的布尔表达式，只需要在模式后添加if < boolean expression >

def showImportantNotification(notification: Notification, importantPeopleInfo: Seq[String]): String = {
  notification match {
    case Email(email, _, _) if importantPeopleInfo.contains(email) =>
      "You got an email from special someone!"
    case SMS(number, _) if importantPeopleInfo.contains(number) =>
      "You got an SMS from special someone!"
    case other =>
      showNotification(other) // nothing special, delegate to our original showNotification function
  }
}

4 类型匹配

abstract class Device
case class Phone(model: String) extends Device{
  def screenOff = "Turning screen off"
}
case class Computer(model: String) extends Device {
  def screenSaverOn = "Turning screen saver on..."
}

def goIdle(device: Device) = device match {
  case p: Phone => p.screenOff
  case c: Computer => c.screenSaverOn
}

类型匹配通常用于根据模式调用方法的情景，并且使用类型首字母作为case标识符。

5 密封类

可使用sealed标识特质与类，这意味着，被标识类与特质的子类型必须声明在同一个文件中。这确保所有的子类型都是已知的。

sealed abstract class Furniture
case class Couch() extends Furniture
case class Chair() extends Furniture

def findPlaceToSit(piece: Furniture): String = piece match {
  case a: Couch => "Lie on the couch"
  case b: Chair => "Sit on the chair"
}

密封类对于模式匹配非常有用，因为不需要case _。

6 注意

Scala模式匹配语句对于匹配通过样板类表示的代数类型最有用。通过使用提取器对象的unapply方法，Scala可以独立于样板类定义模式。

翻译源：Scala Tour