Python精选200Tips：146-150

运行系统：macOS Sonoma 14.6.1
Python编译器：PyCharm 2024.1.4 (Community Edition)
Python版本：3.12

往期链接：

1-5	6-10	11-20	21-30	31-40	41-50

51-60：函数	61-70：类	71-80：编程范式及设计模式

81-90：Python编码规范	91-100：Python自带常用模块-1

101-105：Python自带模块-2	106-110：Python自带模块-3

111-115：Python常用第三方包-频繁使用	116-120：Python常用第三方包-深度学习

121-125：Python常用第三方包-爬取数据	126-130：Python常用第三方包-为了乐趣

131-135：Python常用第三方包-拓展工具1	136-140：Python常用第三方包-拓展工具2

Python项目实战
141-145

P146–Boid模型用于模拟鸟群行为

技术栈：pygame(版本2.6.0)+Boid模型

import pygame
import random

# 屏幕设置
WIDTH, HEIGHT = 800, 600
BACKGROUND_COLOR = (255, 192, 203)  # 粉色背景

# 矩形类，用于范围查询
class Rectangle:
    def __init__(self, x, y, w, h):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
        self.w = w
        self.h = h

    def contains(self, position):
        return (self.x <= position.x < self.x + self.w and
                self.y <= position.y < self.y + self.h)

    def intersects(self, other):
        return not (other.x + other.w < self.x or
                    other.x > self.x + self.w or
                    other.y + other.h < self.y or
                    other.y > self.y + self.h)

# Boid 类
class Boid:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.position = pygame.Vector2(x, y)
        self.velocity = pygame.Vector2(random.uniform(-1, 1), random.uniform(-1, 1))
        self.velocity.scale_to_length(random.uniform(2, 4))  # 随机速度

    def update(self, boids):
        alignment = self.align(boids) 
        cohesion = self.cohere(boids) 
        separation = self.separate(boids)
        
        self.velocity += alignment + cohesion + separation
        self.velocity = self.velocity.normalize() * 4  # 限制速度
        self.position += self.velocity
        
        self.wrap_around()

    def align(self, boids):
        perception_radius = 50
        steering = pygame.Vector2(0, 0)
        total = 0
        
        for other in boids:
            if other != self and self.position.distance_to(other.position) < perception_radius:
                steering += other.velocity
                total += 1
        
        if total > 0:
            steering /= total
            steering = steering.normalize() * 4
            steering -= self.velocity
            return steering
        
        return pygame.Vector2(0, 0)

    def cohere(self, boids):
        perception_radius = 100
        steering = pygame.Vector2(0, 0)
        total = 0
        
        for other in boids:
            if other != self and self.position.distance_to(other.position) < perception_radius:
                steering += other.position
                total += 1
        
        if total > 0:
            steering /= total
            steering -= self.position
            steering = steering.normalize() * 4
            steering -= self.velocity
            return steering
        
        return pygame.Vector2(0, 0)

    def separate(self, boids):
        perception_radius =