1 基本概念
- 简单来说， 逻辑回归（Logistic Regression）是一种用于解决二分类（0 or 1）问题的机器学习方法，用于估计某种事物的可能性。
- 如果我们忽略二分类问题中y的取值是一个离散的取值（0或1），我们继续使用线性回归来预测y的取值。这样做会导致y的取值并不为0或1。逻辑回归使用一个函数来归一化y值，使y的取值在区间(0,1)内，这个函数称为Logistic函数(logistic function)，也称为Sigmoid函数(sigmoid function)。
- 损失函数定义
- 逻辑回归中梯度的解决：
2 自己实现的逻辑回归
1.自己封装好的逻辑回归
import numpy as np
from .metrics import accuracy_score
class LogisticRegression:
def __init__(self):
"""初始化Logistic Regression模型"""
self.coef_ = None
self.intercept_ = None
self._theta = None
def _sigmoid(self, t):
return 1. / (1. + np.exp(-t))
def fit(self, X_train, y_train, eta=0.01, n_iters=1e4):
"""根据训练数据集X_train, y_train, 使用梯度下降法训练Logistic Regression模型"""
assert X_train.shape[0] == y_train.shape[0], \
"the size of X_train must be equal to the size of y_train"
def J(theta, X_b, y):
y_hat = self._sigmoid(X_b.dot(theta))
try:
return - np.sum(y*np.log(y_hat) + (1-y)*np.log(1-y_hat)) / len(y)
except:
return float('inf')
def dJ(theta, X_b, y):
return X_b.T.dot(self._sigmoid(X_b.dot(theta)) - y) / len(y)
def gradient_descent(X_b, y, initial_theta, eta, n_iters=1e4, epsilon=1e-8):
theta = initial_theta
cur_iter = 0
while cur_iter < n_iters:
gradient = dJ(theta, X_b, y)
last_theta = theta
theta = theta - eta * gradient
if (abs(J(theta, X_b, y) - J(last_theta, X_b, y)) < epsilon):
break
cur_iter += 1
return theta
X_b = np.hstack([np.ones((len(X_train), 1)), X_train])
initial_theta = np.zeros(X_b.shape[1])
self._theta = gradient_descent(X_b, y_train, initial_theta, eta, n_iters)
self.intercept_ = self._theta[0]
self.coef_ = self._theta[1:]
return self
def predict_proba(self, X_predict):
"""给定待预测数据集X_predict，返回表示X_predict的结果概率向量"""
assert self.intercept_ is not None and self.coef_ is not None, \
"must fit before predict!"
assert X_predict.shape[1] == len(self.coef_), \
"the feature number of X_predict must be equal to X_train"
X_b = np.hstack([np.ones((len(X_predict), 1)), X_predict])
return self._sigmoid(X_b.dot(self._theta))
def predict(self, X_predict):
"""给定待预测数据集X_predict，返回表示X_predict的结果向量"""
assert self.intercept_ is not None and self.coef_ is not None, \
"must fit before predict!"
assert X_predict.shape[1] == len(self.coef_), \
"the feature number of X_predict must be equal to X_train"
proba = self.predict_proba(X_predict)
return np.array(proba >= 0.5, dtype='int')
def score(self, X_test, y_test):
"""根据测试数据集 X_test 和 y_test 确定当前模型的准确度"""
y_predict = self.predict(X_test)
return accuracy_score(y_test, y_predict)
def __repr__(self):
return "LogisticRegression()"
2.以具体的实例来使用上述的逻辑回归进行二分类
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn import datasets
iris = datasets.load_iris()
X = iris.data
y = iris.target
X = X[y<2,:2]
y = y[y<2]
plt.scatter(X[y==0,0], X[y==0,1], color="red")
plt.scatter(X[y==1,0], X[y==1,1], color="blue")
plt.show()
from playML.model_selection import train_test_split
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, seed=666)
from playML.LogisticRegression import LogisticRegression
log_reg = LogisticRegression()
log_reg.fit(X_train, y_train)
log_reg.score(X_test, y_test)
log_reg.predict_proba(X_test)
log_reg.predict(X_test)
y_test
3.逻辑回归中的决策边界
1）逻辑回归二分类问题决策边界
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn import datasets
iris = datasets.load_iris()
X = iris.data
y = iris.target
X = X[y<2,:2]
y = y[y<2]
plt.scatter(X[y==0,0], X[y==0,1], color="red")
plt.scatter(X[y==1,0], X[y==1,1], color="blue")
plt.show() # 图1
from playML.model_selection import train_test_split
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, seed=666)
from playML.LogisticRegression import LogisticRegression
log_reg = LogisticRegression()
log_reg.fit(X_train, y_train)
log_reg.coef_
log_reg.intercept_
def x2(x1):
return (-log_reg.coef_[0] * x1 - log_reg.intercept_) / log_reg.coef_[1]
x1_plot = np.linspace(4, 8, 1000)
x2_plot = x2(x1_plot)
plt.scatter(X[y==0,0], X[y==0,1], color="red")
plt.scatter(X[y==1,0], X[y==1,1], color="blue")
plt.plot(x1_plot, x2_plot)
plt.show() #图2
plt.scatter(X_test[y_test==0,0], X_test[y_test==0,1], color="red")
plt.scatter(X_test[y_test==1,0], X_test[y_test==1,1], color="blue")
plt.plot(x1_plot, x2_plot)
plt.show() # 图3
def plot_decision_boundary(model, axis):
x0, x1 = np.meshgrid(
np.linspace(axis[0], axis[1], int((axis[1]-axis[0])*100)).reshape(-1, 1),
np.linspace(axis[2], axis[3], int((axis[3]-axis[2])*100)).reshape(-1, 1),
)
X_new = np.c_[x0.ravel(), x1.ravel()]
y_predict = model.predict(X_new)
zz = y_predict.reshape(x0.shape)
from matplotlib.colors import ListedColormap
custom_cmap = ListedColormap(['#EF9A9A','#FFF59D','#90CAF9'])
plt.contourf(x0, x1, zz, linewidth=5, cmap=custom_cmap)
plot_decision_boundary(log_reg, axis=[4, 7.5, 1.5, 4.5])
plt.scatter(X[y==0,0], X[y==0,1])
plt.scatter(X[y==1,0], X[y==1,1])
plt.show() # 图4
plot_decision_boundary是绘制区域以及决策边界的自定义函数
图1 数据的散点图
图2 训练集
图3 测试集
图4 plot_decision_boundary绘制的图形
2）使用KNN进行多分类时决策边界
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier
knn_clf = KNeighborsClassifier()
knn_clf.fit(X_train, y_train)
knn_clf.score(X_test, y_test)
plot_decision_boundary(knn_clf, axis=[4, 7.5, 1.5, 4.5])
plt.scatter(X[y==0,0], X[y==0,1])
plt.scatter(X[y==1,0], X[y==1,1])
plt.show() # 图4
knn_clf_all = KNeighborsClassifier()
knn_clf_all.fit(iris.data[:,:2], iris.target)
plot_decision_boundary(knn_clf_all, axis=[4, 8, 1.5, 4.5])
plt.scatter(iris.data[iris.target==0,0], iris.data[iris.target==0,1])
plt.scatter(iris.data[iris.target==1,0], iris.data[iris.target==1,1])
plt.scatter(iris.data[iris.target==2,0], iris.data[iris.target==2,1])
plt.show() # 图5
knn_clf_all = KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=50)
knn_clf_all.fit(iris.data[:,:2], iris.target)
plot_decision_boundary(knn_clf_all, axis=[4, 8, 1.5, 4.5])
plt.scatter(iris.data[iris.target==0,0], iris.data[iris.target==0,1])
plt.scatter(iris.data[iris.target==1,0], iris.data[iris.target==1,1])
plt.scatter(iris.data[iris.target==2,0], iris.data[iris.target==2,1])
plt.show() # 图6
图四 使用KNN分类的决策边界（二分类）
图四 使用KNN分类的决策边界（三分类）过拟合 k 太小
图四 使用KNN分类的决策边界（三分类） 正常 k合适
3）逻辑回归中使用多项式特征来绘制非线性边界（进行非线性分类问题）
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
np.random.seed(666)
X = np.random.normal(0, 1, size=(200, 2))
y = np.array((X[:,0]**2+X[:,1]**2)<1.5, dtype='int')
plt.scatter(X[y==0,0], X[y==0,1])
plt.scatter(X[y==1,0], X[y==1,1])
plt.show() #图5
from sklearn.preprocessing import PolynomialFeatures
from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
def PolynomialLogisticRegression(degree):
return Pipeline([
('poly', PolynomialFeatures(degree=degree)),
('std_scaler', StandardScaler()),
('log_reg', LogisticRegression())
])
poly_log_reg = PolynomialLogisticRegression(degree=2)
poly_log_reg.fit(X, y)
poly_log_reg.score(X, y)
def plot_decision_boundary(model, axis):
x0, x1 = np.meshgrid(
np.linspace(axis[0], axis[1], int((axis[1]-axis[0])*100)).reshape(-1, 1),
np.linspace(axis[2], axis[3], int((axis[3]-axis[2])*100)).reshape(-1, 1),
)
X_new = np.c_[x0.ravel(), x1.ravel()]
y_predict = model.predict(X_new)
zz = y_predict.reshape(x0.shape)
from matplotlib.colors import ListedColormap
custom_cmap = ListedColormap(['#EF9A9A','#FFF59D','#90CAF9'])
plt.contourf(x0, x1, zz, linewidth=5, cmap=custom_cmap)
plot_decision_boundary(poly_log_reg, axis=[-4, 4, -4, 4])
plt.scatter(X[y==0,0], X[y==0,1])
plt.scatter(X[y==1,0], X[y==1,1])
plt.show() # 图6
图5 散点图
图6 绘制非线性边界
3 scikit-learn中的逻辑回归
1.使用sklearn中的逻辑回归
from sklearn.preprocessing import PolynomialFeatures
from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
def PolynomialLogisticRegression(degree):
return Pipeline([
('poly', PolynomialFeatures(degree=degree)),
('std_scaler', StandardScaler()),
('log_reg', LogisticRegression())
])
poly_log_reg = PolynomialLogisticRegression(degree=2)
poly_log_reg.fit(X_train, y_train)
poly_log_reg.score(X_train, y_train)
poly_log_reg.score(X_test, y_test)
plot_decision_boundary(poly_log_reg, axis=[-4, 4, -4, 4])
plt.scatter(X[y==0,0], X[y==0,1])
plt.scatter(X[y==1,0], X[y==1,1])
plt.show()
4 解决多分类问题（二分类变多分类）
4.1 OvR
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
log_reg = LogisticRegression( multi_class='ovr') #默认支持ovr
log_reg.fit(X_train, y_train)
或
from sklearn.multiclass import OneVsRestClassifier
ovr = OneVsRestClassifier(log_reg) #传入一个二分类器
ovr.fit(X_train, y_train)
ovr.score(X_test, y_test)
4.2 OvO
log_reg2 = LogisticRegression(multi_class="multinomial", solver="newton-cg")
log_reg2.fit(X_train, y_train)
log_reg2.score(X_test, y_test)
或
from sklearn.multiclass import OneVsOneClassifier
ovo = OneVsOneClassifier(log_reg)
ovo.fit(X_train, y_train)
ovo.score(X_test, y_test)
5 小结
逻辑回归主要是引入概率模型，以及构造损失函数来解决二分类问题。其分类的边界是线性边界。引入多项式可解决不是线性边界的划分。sklearn中的逻辑回归也有正则表达来防止过拟合，且支持多分类问题，默认是OvR。除此之外，任何二分类都可以通过OVR和ovo变成多分类问题，但多分类边界（如果二分类器是线性）的应是线性的，若要是非线性要在二分类器中添加多项式项。
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