MySQL---多表操作(1对1、1对多、多对多)

http://blog.csdn.net/zuosixiaonengshou/article/details/53011452

※多表操作 (凡是多表，都要用到关联技术(把多表合并成一个新表): 左关联、右关联、内关联。还有一个外(全)关联，MySQL不支持，为考虑软件兼容，我们开发一般不用。)

※表与表之间的关系:1对1，1对多，多对多
一、1对1
※第三范式: 1方建主表(id为主键字段), 多方建外键字段(husband--参考主表的主键id，加unique)

CREATE TABLE man(
  id VARCHAR(32) PRIMARY KEY,
  NAME VARCHAR(30)
);

CREATE TABLE woman(
  id VARCHAR(32) PRIMARY KEY,
  NAME VARCHAR(30),
  husband VARCHAR(32) UNIQUE,
  CONSTRAINT wm_fk FOREIGN KEY(husband) REFERENCES man(id)
);

注：husband这里要加unique约束，不加则是一对多关系

加unique才是1对1关系

 

//DROP TABLE woman;

INSERT INTO man VALUES('1','小明');
INSERT INTO man VALUES('2','小聪');
INSERT INTO man VALUES('3','老王');

INSERT INTO woman VALUES('1','小花','2');
INSERT INTO woman VALUES('2','小静','1');
INSERT INTO woman VALUES('3','小红','1');//Error:违反1对1
INSERT INTO woman VALUES('3','小红','10');//Error:违反外键--主表必须存在该外键值

INSERT INTO man VALUES('10','王六');
INSERT INTO woman VALUES('3','小玉','10');//OK

 

受unique约束，husband不能重复不然

husband是外键，同时受man中的id约束

 

 

//◇查询夫妻信息(内联)
SELECT man.name AS 丈夫, woman.name AS 妻子 FROM man
      INNER JOIN woman ON man.id=woman.husband;

SELECT m.name AS 丈夫, w.name AS 妻子 FROM man AS m
      INNER JOIN woman AS w ON m.id=w.husband;

 

 

二、1对多
※第三范式: 1方建主表(id为主键字段), 多方建外键字段(pid--参考主表的主键id，不加unique)
CREATE TABLE person2(
  id VARCHAR(32) PRIMARY KEY,
  NAME VARCHAR(30),
  sex CHAR(1)
);

DROP TABLE car2;
CREATE TABLE car(
  id VARCHAR(32) PRIMARY KEY,
  NAME VARCHAR(30),
  price NUMERIC(10,2),
  pid VARCHAR(32),
  CONSTRAINT car_fk FOREIGN KEY(pid) REFERENCES person2(id)
);

INSERT INTO person2 VALUES('P01','Jack','1');
INSERT INTO person2 VALUES('P02','Tom','1');
INSERT INTO person2 VALUES('P03','Rose','0');

INSERT INTO car VALUES('C001','BMW',30,'P01');
INSERT INTO car VALUES('C002','BEnZ',40,'P01');
INSERT INTO car VALUES('C003','Audi',40,'P01');

INSERT INTO car VALUES('C004','QQ',5.5,'P02');
//外键字段值可以为“NULL”表示该车还未卖出
INSERT INTO car(id,NAME,price) VALUES('C005','ABC',10);
INSERT INTO car(id,NAME,price) VALUES('C006','BCD',10);

 

//◇查询哪些人有哪些车
SELECT *  FROM car INNER JOIN person2 ON car.pid=person2.id;
SELECT person.NAME,car.name FROM person 
               INNER JOIN car ON person.id=car.pid;

//◇查询Jack有哪些车
SELECT car.NAME,car.price,person2.name  FROM car 
         INNER JOIN person2 ON car.pid=person2.id where person2.name='Jack';

//◇查询哪些人有两辆或两辆以上的车
//失败品:--每组只显示第一条
SELECT car.NAME,car.price,person2.name  FROM car 
  INNER JOIN person2 ON car.pid=person2.id GROUP BY person2.id HAVING COUNT(car.pid)>=2;   

//过渡版  
 SELECT car.NAME,car.price,person2.name  FROM car 
  INNER JOIN person2 ON car.pid=person2.id WHERE person2.id IN('P01','P02'); 
SELECT pid FROM car GROUP BY pid HAVING COUNT(pid)>=2; //把上面写死的pid写成活的

//OK版  
 SELECT car.NAME,car.price,person2.name  FROM car 
  INNER JOIN person2 ON car.pid=person2.id WHERE person2.id IN(
     SELECT pid FROM car GROUP BY pid HAVING COUNT(pid)>=2
  ); 

 

//演示左关联: SELECT * FROM person2 LEFT JOIN car ON car.pid=person2.id;//由全表可知只需条件是car.id或NAME或price或pid为空即可查出谁没有车

//◇查询哪些人没有车
SELECT person2.name FROM person2 LEFT JOIN car ON car.pid=person2.id 
    WHERE car.id IS NULL;

其实右关联跟左关联一样，只需要把左关联的表调换一下位置便成了右关联的结果，所以只要会了左关联，右关联也是一样的。

 

//◇补一个外键的概念（默认是约束): 删除主键信息时，当该主键字段值在外键表中存在时，该记录是不能删除的。---要把外键表是的相关信息删除之后，才能删除。 ---更新同理
DELETE FROM person2 WHERE id='P01';//car表中存在pid='P01'的车，所以主表不能删除'P01'这条记录

 

 

 

三、多对多（ 3个表= 2个实体表 + 1个关系表 )

※第三范式: 两个实体都建成独立的主表, 另外再单独建一个关系表（采用联合主键）
1、分别建议两个实体表(没有外键，但有自己的主键, 没有冗余信息)
//DROP TABLE stud;
//学生表
CREATE TABLE stud(
  id VARCHAR(32) PRIMARY KEY,
  NAME VARCHAR(30)
);
//课程表
CREATE TABLE ject(
  id VARCHAR(32) PRIMARY KEY,
  NAME VARCHAR(30)
);

 

2、另外补建一个关系表
CREATE TABLE sj(
  studid VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL,
  jectid VARCHAR(32)
);
//注意，要先建联合主键，再添加外键。顺序不能反了。
ALTER TABLE sj ADD CONSTRAINT sj_pk PRIMARY KEY(studid,jectid);
ALTER TABLE sj ADD CONSTRAINT sj_fk1 FOREIGN KEY(studid) REFERENCES stud(id);
ALTER TABLE sj ADD CONSTRAINT sj_fk2 FOREIGN KEY(jectid) REFERENCES ject(id);

//删除外键约束
//ALTER TABLE sj DROP FOREIGN KEY sj_fk1;
//ALTER TABLE sj DROP FOREIGN KEY sj_fk2;

3、添加一些演示数据
//实体表1
INSERT INTO stud VALUES('S001','Jack');
INSERT INTO stud VALUES('S002','Rose');
INSERT INTO stud VALUES('S003','Tom');

//实体表2
INSERT INTO ject VALUES('J001','Java');
INSERT INTO ject VALUES('J002','Oracle');
INSERT INTO ject VALUES('J003','XML');
INSERT INTO ject VALUES('J004','JSP');
INSERT INTO ject VALUES('J005','Game');

//关系表
INSERT INTO sj VALUES('S001','J001');
INSERT INTO sj VALUES('S001','J003');
INSERT INTO sj VALUES('S001','J004');
INSERT INTO sj VALUES('S002','J002');
INSERT INTO sj VALUES('S002','J003');
INSERT INTO sj VALUES('S002','J004');

//查询哪些人选了哪些课
//SQL组织的1992标准，可用，但效率不高
SELECT stud.name, ject.NAME FROM stud,ject,sj WHERE stud.id=sj.studid AND ject.id=sj.jectid;

//SQL组织的1996标准，效率高，推荐使用---关联
SELECT stud.name, ject.NAME FROM stud INNER JOIN sj ON stud.id=sj.studid
                                      INNER JOIN ject ON ject.id=sj.jectid;

 

//查询哪些人没选课
SELECT stud.name FROM stud LEFT JOIN sj ON stud.id=sj.studid
       LEFT JOIN ject ON ject.id=sj.jectid where ject.id is NULL;

 

//查询哪些课没人选
SELECT ject.name FROM stud RIGHT JOIN sj ON stud.id=sj.studid
       RIGHT JOIN ject ON ject.id=sj.jectid where stud.id is NULL;