一、概述
1、Request与Response
- Request 对象 和 Response 对象是由服务器(Tomcat)创建的
- Request 对象是来获取请求消息
- Response 对象是来设置响应消息
2、Request 体系结构
3、Servlet 体系结构
二、HttpServletRequest
HttpServletRequest对象代表客户端的请求,当客户端通过HTTP协议访问服务器时,HTTP请求头中的所有信息都封装在这个对象中,通过这个对象提供的方法,可以获得客户端请求的所有信息
三、request 获取请求行的数据
先写一个 input.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>文本输入框</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="servletRequestDemo01" method="get">
<input type="text" name="username" value="name"><br>
<input type="text" name="password" value="password"><br>
<input type="submit" value="get 提交">
</form><br>
<form action="servletRequestDemo01" method="post">
<input type="text" name="username" value="name"><br>
<input type="text" name="password" value="password"><br>
<input type="submit" value="post 提交">
</form><br>
</body>
</html>
再写一个 Servlet 类 ,类名为:ServletRequestDemo01.java
package cn.lemon.request;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
@WebServlet("/servletRequestDemo01")
public class ServletRequestDemo01 extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
request.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");//解决请求乱码
response.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");//解决响应乱码
doGet(request,response);
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
//获取请求方式:Get
String method = request.getMethod();
System.out.println("获取的请求方式为:" + method);
//获取虚拟目录
String contextPath = request.getContextPath();
System.out.println("获取的虚拟目录为:" + contextPath);
//获取请求的路径
String servletPath = request.getServletPath();
System.out.println("获取请求的路径为:" + servletPath);
//获取Get方式的请求参数
String queryString = request.getQueryString();
System.out.println("获取Get方式的请求参数为:" + queryString);
//获取URI相对服务器路径 及 URL全路径
String requestURI = request.getRequestURI();
System.out.println("获取URI相对服务器路径为:" + requestURI);
StringBuffer requestURL = request.getRequestURL();
System.out.println("获取URL全路径为:" + requestURL);
//获取HTTP协议及版本号
String protocol = request.getProtocol();
System.out.println("获取HTTP协议及版本号:" + protocol);
//获取客户机的IP地址
String remoteAddr = request.getRemoteAddr();
System.out.println("获取客户机的IP地址:" + remoteAddr);
}
}
控制台显示:
总结:
- String method = request.getMethod();获取请求方式:Get
- String contextPath = request.getContextPath();获取虚拟目录
- String servletPath = request.getServletPath();获取请求的路径
- String queryString = request.getQueryString();获取Get方式的请求参数
- String requestURI = request.getRequestURI();获取URI相对服务器路径
- StringBuffer requestURL = request.getRequestURL();获取URL全路径
- String protocol = request.getProtocol();获取HTTP协议及版本号
- String remoteAddr = request.getRemoteAddr();获取客户机的IP地址
- String remoteHost = request.getRemoteHost();
- int remotePort = request.getRemotePort();
- String remoteUser = request.getRemoteUser();
- String pathInfo = request.getPathInfo();
- String localAddr = request.getLocalAddr();获取WEB服务器的IP地址
- String localName = request.getLocalName();获取WEB服务器的主机名
四、request 获取请求头的数据
1、获取请求头的方法:
- String getHeader(String name):通过请求头的名称获取请求头的值
- Enumeration<String> getHeaderNames():获取所有的请求头名称
2、实例:新建文件 ServletRequestDemo03.java 执行 service 方法
package cn.lemon.request;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Enumeration;
@WebServlet("/ServletRequestDemo03")
public class ServletRequestDemo03 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void service(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//获取所有请求头数据
Enumeration<String> headerNames = req.getHeaderNames();
//遍历
while (headerNames.hasMoreElements()){
String name = headerNames.nextElement();
String value = req.getHeader(name);//根据 neme 获取请求头的 value
System.out.println("请求头名为:" + name + "---------对应请求头的值为:" + value);
}
}
}
查看控制台:
3、实例
查看客户端是谷歌浏览器还是火狐浏览器
package cn.lemon.request;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
@WebServlet("/ServletRequestDemo04")
public class ServletRequestDemo04 extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(request,response);
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
//获取请求头数据 user_agent
String agent = request.getHeader("user-agent");
//判断浏览器的 agent 版本
if (agent.contains("Chrome")){
System.out.println("客户端使用的是谷歌浏览器");
}else if (agent.contains("Firefox")){
System.out.println("客户端使用的是火狐浏览器");
}
}
}
4、实例
防盗链
package cn.lemon.request;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
@WebServlet("/ServletRequestDemo05")
public class ServletRequestDemo05 extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(request,response);
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
//获取请求头的数据 referer
String referer = request.getHeader("referer");
System.out.println(referer);
//防盗链
if (referer != null){
if (referer.contains("ServletRequestDemo04")){
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
response.getWriter().write("播放电影");
}else {
//盗链
response.setContentType("text/html;charset=utf-8");
response.getWriter().write("想看电影来快播.....");
}
}
}
}
五、request 获取请求体的数据
1、提醒:
请求体:只有POST请求方式,才有请求体,在请求体中封装了POST请求的请求参数获取流对象,再从流对象中拿数据。
2、方法:
- BufferedReader getReader():获取字符输入流,只能操作字符数据
- ServletInputStream getInputStream():获取字节输入流,可以操作所有类型数据
3、实例
先写一个 input.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>文本输入框</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="ServletRequestDemo06" method="post"><!--只能使用POST方式才能获取请求体-->
<input type="text" name="username" value="请输入姓名"><br>
<input type="text" name="password" value="请输入密码"><br>
<input type="submit" value="提交">
</form>
</body>
</html>
再写一个 Java 类 :ServleRequestDemo06.java 获取提交数据
package cn.lemon.request;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
@WebServlet("/ServletRequestDemo06")
public class ServletRequestDemo06 extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(request,response);
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
//获取请求体消息,请求参数
BufferedReader bufferedReader = request.getReader();//获取字符流
String line = null;
while ((line = bufferedReader.readLine()) != null){//读取一行数据
System.out.println(line);
}
}
}
六、获取请求的通用方式
不论get请求方式还是post请求方式都可以使用下列方法来获取请求参数
- String getParameter(String name):根据参数名称获取参数值
- String[] getParameterValues(String name):根据参数名称获取参数值的数组,如:hobby=xx&hobby=game
- Enumeration<String> getParameterNames():获取所有请求的参数名称
- Map<String,String[]> getParameterMap():获取所有参数的map集合
案例:
先写一个 regist.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>注册页面</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="/project/ServletRequestDemo07" method="post">
<input type="text" placeholder="请输入用户名" name="username"><br>
<input type="text" placeholder="请输入密码" name="password"><br>
<input type="checkbox" name="hobby" value="game">游戏
<input type="checkbox" name="hobby" value="study">学习<br>
<input type="submit" value="注册">
</form>
</body>
</html>
再写一个测试类 ServletRequstDemo07.java
package cn.lemon.request;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.Map;
@WebServlet("/ServletRequestDemo07")
public class ServletRequestDemo07 extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(request,response);
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
String username = request.getParameter("username");//根据参数名称获取参数值
System.out.println(username);
String[] hobby = request.getParameterValues("hobby");//根据参数名称获取参数数组
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(hobby));
//只能得到一个参数
String hobby2 = request.getParameter("hobby");
System.out.println(hobby2);
System.out.println("--------------");
//得到所有的参数名
Enumeration<String> names = request.getParameterNames();
while (names.hasMoreElements()) {
String name = names.nextElement();
String value = request.getParameter(name);
System.out.println(name + ":\t" + value);
}
System.out.println("-----------");
//得到所有的参数的Map形式
Map<String, String[]> parameterMap = request.getParameterMap();
for (String key : parameterMap.keySet()) {
System.out.println(key + Arrays.toString(parameterMap.get(key)));
}
}
}
七、中文乱码的解决
- get方式:tomcat 8 已经将get方式乱码问题解决了
- post方式:在获取参数前,设置request的编码
request.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8")
;
案例:
新建 input02.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>登录</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="/project/ServletRequestDemo08" method="post">
<input type="text" name="username" value="请输入用户名"><br>
<input type="text" name="password" value="请输入密码"><br>
<input type="submit" value="提交">
</form>
</body>
</html>
再建一个 ServletRequestDemo08.java
package cn.lemon.request;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
@WebServlet("/ServletRequestDemo08")
public class ServletRequestDemo08 extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
//设置编码格式
request.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
//获取参数username
String username = request.getParameter("username");
System.out.println(username);
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
this.doPost(request,response);
}
}
八、请求转发
一种在服务器内部的资源跳转方式
通过request对象获取请求转发器对象:RequestDispatcher getRequestDispatcher(String path)
使用RequestDispatcher对象来进行转发:forward(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response)
特点:
浏览器地址栏路径不发生变化,只能转发到当前服务器内部资源中,转发是一次请求。
案例:
新建一个ServletRequestDemo09.java
package cn.lemon.request;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
@WebServlet("/ServletRequestDemo09")
public class ServletRequestDemo09 extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
this.doGet(request,response);
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
//请求转发,转发路径不需要加虚拟目录,重定向需要加虚拟目录
request.getRequestDispatcher("/ServletRequestDemo10").forward(request,response);
}
}
新建一个ServletRequestDemo10.java
package cn.lemon.request;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
@WebServlet("/ServletRequestDemo10")
public class ServletRequestDemo10 extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
this.doGet(request,response);
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
response.getWriter().print("ServletRequestDemo10 被访问了,通过 ServletRequestDemo9 请求转发过来的");
}
}
当访问ServletRequestDemo09.java 时,它直接跳到ServletRequestDemo10.java
九、共享数据
域对象:一个有作用范围的对象,可以在范围内共享数据
request域:代表一次请求的范围,一般用于请求转发的多个资源中共享数据
方法:
- void setAttribute(String name,Object obj):存储数据
- Object getAttitude(String name):通过键获取值
- void removeAttribute(String name):通过键移除键值对
案例:
新建一个ServletRequestDemo09.java
package cn.lemon.request;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
@WebServlet("/ServletRequestDemo09")
public class ServletRequestDemo09 extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
this.doGet(request,response);
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
//在request作用域存储数据
request.setAttribute("name1","存入数据的Object01");
request.setAttribute("name2","存入数据的Object02");
request.setAttribute("name3","存入数据的Object03");
request.setAttribute("name4","存入数据的Object04");
//请求转发,转发路径不需要加虚拟目录,重定向需要加虚拟目录
request.getRequestDispatcher("/ServletRequestDemo10").forward(request,response);
}
}
新建一个ServletRequestDemo10.java
package cn.lemon.request;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
@WebServlet("/ServletRequestDemo10")
public class ServletRequestDemo10 extends HttpServlet {
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
this.doGet(request,response);
}
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {
Object obj = request.getAttribute("name1");//取出数据
response.getWriter().print(obj);//打印数据
response.getWriter().print("ServletRequestDemo10 被访问了,通过 ServletRequestDemo9 请求转发过来的");
}
}