Generic Load/Save Functions(通用加载保存功能)
在最简单的形式中, 默认数据源(parquet, 除非另有配置 spark.sql.sources.default )将用于所有操作。也可以指定选项。
DataFrames 也可以使用 saveAsTable 命令作为 persistent tables (持久表)保存到 Hive metastore 中,对于 file-based data source (基于文件的数据源), 也可以对 output (输出)进行 bucket 和 sort 或者 partition 。
Parquet Files
Loading Data Programmatically
// Encoders for most common types are automatically provided by importing spark.implicits._
import spark.implicits._
val peopleDF = spark.read.json("examples/src/main/resources/people.json")
// DataFrames can be saved as Parquet files, maintaining the schema information
peopleDF.write.parquet("people.parquet")
// Read in the parquet file created above
// Parquet files are self-describing so the schema is preserved
// The result of loading a Parquet file is also a DataFrame
val parquetFileDF = spark.read.parquet("people.parquet")
// Parquet files can also be used to create a temporary view and then used in SQL statements
parquetFileDF.createOrReplaceTempView("parquetFile")
val namesDF = spark.sql("SELECT name FROM parquetFile WHERE age BETWEEN 13 AND 19")
namesDF.map(attributes => "Name: " + attributes(0)).show()
// +------------+
// | value|
// +------------+
// |Name: Justin|
// +------------+
分区发现
Table partitioning (表分区)是在像 Hive 这样的系统中使用的常见的优化方法。
path
└── to
└── table
├── gender=male
│ ├── ...
│ │
│ ├── country=US
│ │ └── data.parquet
│ ├── country=CN
│ │ └── data.parquet
│ └── ...
└── gender=female
├── ...
│
├── country=US
│ └── data.parquet
├── country=CN
│ └── data.parquet
└── ...
通过将 path/to/table 传递给 SparkSession.read.parquet 或 SparkSession.read.load , Spark SQL 将自动从路径中提取 partitioning information (分区信息). 现在返回的 DataFrame 的 schema (模式)变成
root
|-- name: string (nullable = true)
|-- age: long (nullable = true)
|-- gender: string (nullable = true)
|-- country: string (nullable = true)
模式合并
// This is used to implicitly convert an RDD to a DataFrame.
import spark.implicits._
// Create a simple DataFrame, store into a partition directory
val squaresDF = spark.sparkContext.makeRDD(1 to 5).map(i => (i, i * i)).toDF("value", "square")
squaresDF.write.parquet("data/test_table/key=1")
// Create another DataFrame in a new partition directory,
// adding a new column and dropping an existing column
val cubesDF = spark.sparkContext.makeRDD(6 to 10).map(i => (i, i * i * i)).toDF("value", "cube")
cubesDF.write.parquet("data/test_table/key=2")
// Read the partitioned table
val mergedDF = spark.read.option("mergeSchema", "true").parquet("data/test_table")
mergedDF.printSchema()
// The final schema consists of all 3 columns in the Parquet files together
// with the partitioning column appeared in the partition directory paths
// root
// |-- value: int (nullable = true)
// |-- square: int (nullable = true)
// |-- cube: int (nullable = true)
// |-- key: int (nullable = true)
JSON文件
// Primitive types (Int, String, etc) and Product types (case classes) encoders are
// supported by importing this when creating a Dataset.
import spark.implicits._
// A JSON dataset is pointed to by path.
// The path can be either a single text file or a directory storing text files
val path = "examples/src/main/resources/people.json"
val peopleDF = spark.read.json(path)
// The inferred schema can be visualized using the printSchema() method
peopleDF.printSchema()
// root
// |-- age: long (nullable = true)
// |-- name: string (nullable = true)
// Creates a temporary view using the DataFrame
peopleDF.createOrReplaceTempView("people")
// SQL statements can be run by using the sql methods provided by spark
val teenagerNamesDF = spark.sql("SELECT name FROM people WHERE age BETWEEN 13 AND 19")
teenagerNamesDF.show()
// +------+
// | name|
// +------+
// |Justin|
// +------+
// Alternatively, a DataFrame can be created for a JSON dataset represented by
// a Dataset[String] storing one JSON object per string
val otherPeopleDataset = spark.createDataset(
"""{"name":"Yin","address":{"city":"Columbus","state":"Ohio"}}""" :: Nil)
val otherPeople = spark.read.json(otherPeopleDataset)
otherPeople.show()
// +---------------+----+
// | address|name|
// +---------------+----+
// |[Columbus,Ohio]| Yin|
// +---------------+----+
Hive Tables
import java.io.File
import org.apache.spark.sql.{Row, SaveMode, SparkSession}
case class Record(key: Int, value: String)
// warehouseLocation points to the default location for managed databases and tables
val warehouseLocation = new File("spark-warehouse").getAbsolutePath
val spark = SparkSession
.builder()
.appName("Spark Hive Example")
.config("spark.sql.warehouse.dir", warehouseLocation)
.enableHiveSupport()
.getOrCreate()
import spark.implicits._
import spark.sql
sql("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS src (key INT, value STRING) USING hive")
sql("LOAD DATA LOCAL INPATH 'examples/src/main/resources/kv1.txt' INTO TABLE src")
// Queries are expressed in HiveQL
sql("SELECT * FROM src").show()
// +---+-------+
// |key| value|
// +---+-------+
// |238|val_238|
// | 86| val_86|
// |311|val_311|
// ...
// Aggregation queries are also supported.
sql("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM src").show()
// +--------+
// |count(1)|
// +--------+
// | 500 |
// +--------+
// The results of SQL queries are themselves DataFrames and support all normal functions.
val sqlDF = sql("SELECT key, value FROM src WHERE key < 10 ORDER BY key")
// The items in DataFrames are of type Row, which allows you to access each column by ordinal.
val stringsDS = sqlDF.map {
case Row(key: Int, value: String) => s"Key: $key, Value: $value"
}
stringsDS.show()
// +--------------------+
// | value|
// +--------------------+
// |Key: 0, Value: val_0|
// |Key: 0, Value: val_0|
// |Key: 0, Value: val_0|
// ...
// You can also use DataFrames to create temporary views within a SparkSession.
val recordsDF = spark.createDataFrame((1 to 100).map(i => Record(i, s"val_$i")))
recordsDF.createOrReplaceTempView("records")
// Queries can then join DataFrame data with data stored in Hive.
sql("SELECT * FROM records r JOIN src s ON r.key = s.key").show()
// +---+------+---+------+
// |key| value|key| value|
// +---+------+---+------+
// | 2| val_2| 2| val_2|
// | 4| val_4| 4| val_4|
// | 5| val_5| 5| val_5|
// ...
// Create a Hive managed Parquet table, with HQL syntax instead of the Spark SQL native syntax
// `USING hive`
sql("CREATE TABLE hive_records(key int, value string) STORED AS PARQUET")
// Save DataFrame to the Hive managed table
val df = spark.table("src")
df.write.mode(SaveMode.Overwrite).saveAsTable("hive_records")
// After insertion, the Hive managed table has data now
sql("SELECT * FROM hive_records").show()
// +---+-------+
// |key| value|
// +---+-------+
// |238|val_238|
// | 86| val_86|
// |311|val_311|
// ...
// Prepare a Parquet data directory
val dataDir = "/tmp/parquet_data"
spark.range(10).write.parquet(dataDir)
// Create a Hive external Parquet table
sql(s"CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE hive_ints(key int) STORED AS PARQUET LOCATION '$dataDir'")
// The Hive external table should already have data
sql("SELECT * FROM hive_ints").show()
// +---+
// |key|
// +---+
// | 0|
// | 1|
// | 2|
// ...
// Turn on flag for Hive Dynamic Partitioning
spark.sqlContext.setConf("hive.exec.dynamic.partition", "true")
spark.sqlContext.setConf("hive.exec.dynamic.partition.mode", "nonstrict")
// Create a Hive partitioned table using DataFrame API
df.write.partitionBy("key").format("hive").saveAsTable("hive_part_tbl")
// Partitioned column `key` will be moved to the end of the schema.
sql("SELECT * FROM hive_part_tbl").show()
// +-------+---+
// | value|key|
// +-------+---+
// |val_238|238|
// | val_86| 86|
// |val_311|311|
// ...
spark.stop()
指定点那个HIve表的存储格式
创建 Hive 表时,需要定义如何 从/向 文件系统 read/write 数据,即 “输入格式” 和 “输出格式”。 您还需要定义该表如何将数据反序列化为行,或将行序列化为数据,即 “serde”。
连接其他JSBC数据源
Spark SQL 还包括可以使用 JDBC 从其他数据库读取数据的数据源。
要开始使用,您需要在 Spark 类路径中包含特定数据库的 JDBC driver 程序。