文章目录
1.灰度直方图
任何一幅图像的直方图都包括了可观的信息，某些类型的图像还可以由其直方图完全描述。
1.1 灰度直方图定义
灰度直方图是灰度的函数,描述的是图像中具有该灰度级的像素的个数。如果用直角坐标系来表示,则它的横坐标是灰度级,纵坐标是该灰度出现的概率(像素的个数)。
1.2 灰度直方图编程实例
private void histogram_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (curBitmap != null)
{
histForm histoGram = new histForm(curBitmap);
histoGram.ShowDialog();
histoGram.Close();
}
}
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace histogram
{
public partial class histForm : Form
{
//利用构造函数实现窗体之间的数据传递
public histForm(Bitmap bmp)
{
InitializeComponent();
//把主窗体的图像数据传递给从窗体
bmpHist = bmp;
//灰度级计数
countPixel = new int[256]; //8位可表示256个灰度级
}
private void close_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
this.Close();
}
//图像数据
private System.Drawing.Bitmap bmpHist;
//灰度等级
private int[] countPixel;
//记录最大的灰度级个数
private int maxPixel;
/// <summary>
/// 计算各个灰度级所具有的像素个数
/// </summary>
private void histForm_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
//锁定8位灰度位图
Rectangle rect = new Rectangle(0, 0, bmpHist.Width, bmpHist.Height);
System.Drawing.Imaging.BitmapData bmpData = bmpHist.LockBits(rect,
System.Drawing.Imaging.ImageLockMode.ReadWrite, bmpHist.PixelFormat);
IntPtr ptr = bmpData.Scan0;
int bytes = bmpHist.Width * bmpHist.Height;
byte[] grayValues = new byte[bytes];
System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.Copy(ptr, grayValues, 0, bytes);//灰度值数据存入grayValues中
byte temp = 0;
maxPixel = 0;
//灰度等级数组清零
Array.Clear(countPixel, 0, 256);
//计算各个灰度级的像素个数
for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++)
{
//灰度级
temp = grayValues[i];
//计数加1
countPixel[temp]++;
if (countPixel[temp] > maxPixel)
{
//找到灰度频率最大的像素数，用于绘制直方图
maxPixel = countPixel[temp];
}
}
//解锁
System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.Copy(grayValues, 0, ptr, bytes);
bmpHist.UnlockBits(bmpData);
}
/// <summary>
/// 绘制直方图
/// </summary>
private void histForm_Paint(object sender, PaintEventArgs e)
{
//获取Graphics对象
Graphics g = e.Graphics;
//创建一个宽度为1的黑色钢笔
Pen curPen = new Pen(Brushes.Black, 1);
//绘制坐标轴
g.DrawLine(curPen, 50, 240, 320, 240);//横坐标
g.DrawLine(curPen, 50, 240, 50, 30);//纵坐标
//绘制并标识坐标刻度
g.DrawLine(curPen, 100, 240, 100, 242);
g.DrawLine(curPen, 150, 240, 150, 242);
g.DrawLine(curPen, 200, 240, 200, 242);
g.DrawLine(curPen, 250, 240, 250, 242);
g.DrawLine(curPen, 300, 240, 300, 242);
g.DrawString("0", new Font("New Timer", 8), Brushes.Black, new PointF(46, 242));
g.DrawString("50", new Font("New Timer", 8), Brushes.Black, new PointF(92,242));
g.DrawString("100", new Font("New Timer", 8), Brushes.Black, new PointF(139, 242));
g.DrawString("150", new Font("New Timer", 8), Brushes.Black, new PointF(189, 242));
g.DrawString("200", new Font("New Timer", 8), Brushes.Black, new PointF(239, 242));
g.DrawString("250", new Font("New Timer", 8), Brushes.Black, new PointF(289, 242));
g.DrawLine(curPen, 48, 40, 50, 40);
g.DrawString("0", new Font("New Timer", 8), Brushes.Black, new PointF(34, 234));
g.DrawString(maxPixel.ToString(), new Font("New Timer", 8), Brushes.Black, new PointF(18, 34));
//绘制直方图
double temp = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++)
{
//纵坐标长度
temp = 200.0 * countPixel[i] / maxPixel;
g.DrawLine(curPen, 50 + i, 240, 50 + i, 240 - (int)temp);
}
//释放对象
curPen.Dispose();
}
}
}
2.线性点运算
灰度图像的点运算可分为线性点运算和非线性点运算两种。
2.1线性点运算定义
线性点运算就是输出灰度级与输入灰度级呈线性关系的点运算。在这种情况下,灰度变换函数的形式为:
g(x, y)=pf(x,y)+L
其中 f(x,y) 为输入图像在点 (x,y) 的灰度值, g(x,y) 为相应的输出点的灰度值。显然,如果P=1和L=0,g(x,y)就是f(x,y)的复制;如果P<1,输出图像的对比度将增大;如果P>1,则对比度将减少;如果P=1而L≠0,该操作仅使所有像素的灰度值上移或下移,其效果是使整个图像在显示时更暗或更亮;如果P为负值,暗区域将变亮,亮区域将变暗,该操作完成了图像求补。
2.2 线性点运算编程实例
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace histogram
{
public partial class linearPOForm : Form
{
public linearPOForm()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
private void startLinear_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
//设置DialogResult属性
this.DialogResult = DialogResult.OK;
}
private void close_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
this.Close();
}
//设置两个get访问器
public string GetScaling
{
get
{
//得到斜率
return scaling.Text;
}
}
public string GetOffset
{
get
{
//得到偏移量
return offset.Text;
}
}
}
}
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace histogram
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
//文件名
private string curFileName;
//图像对象
private System.Drawing.Bitmap curBitmpap;
/// <summary>
/// 打开图像文件
/// </summary>
private void open_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
//创建OpenFileDialog
OpenFileDialog opnDlg = new OpenFileDialog();
//为图像选择一个筛选器
opnDlg.Filter = "所有图像文件|*.bmp;*.pcx;*.png;*.jpg;*.gif;" +
"*.tif;*.ico;*.dxf;*.cgm;*.cdr;*.wmf;*.eps;*.emf|" +
"位图(*.bmp;*.jpg;*.png;...)|*.bmp;*.pcx;*.png;*.jpg;*.gif;*.tif;*.ico|" +
"矢量图(*.wmf;*.eps;*.emf;...)|*.dxf;*.cgm;*.cdr;*.wmf;*.eps;*.emf";
//设置对话框标题
opnDlg.Title = "打开图像文件";
//启用“帮助”按钮
opnDlg.ShowHelp = true;
//如果结果为“打开”，选定文件
if (opnDlg.ShowDialog() == DialogResult.OK)
{
//读取当前选中的文件名
curFileName = opnDlg.FileName;
//使用Image.FromFile创建图像对象
try
{
curBitmpap = (Bitmap)Image.FromFile(curFileName);
}
catch (Exception exp)
{
MessageBox.Show(exp.Message);
}
}
//对窗体进行重新绘制，这将强制执行paint事件处理程序
Invalidate();
}
/// <summary>
/// 在控件需要重新绘制时发生
/// </summary>
private void Form1_Paint(object sender, PaintEventArgs e)
{
//获取Graphics对象
Graphics g = e.Graphics;
if (curBitmpap != null)
{
//使用DrawImage方法绘制图像
//160,20：显示在主窗体内，图像左上角的坐标
//curBitmpap.Width, curBitmpap.Height图像的宽度和高度
g.DrawImage(curBitmpap, 160, 20, curBitmpap.Width, curBitmpap.Height);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 关闭窗体
/// </summary>
private void close_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
this.Close();
}
private void histogram_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (curBitmpap != null)
{
//定义并实例化新窗体，并把图像数据传递给它
histForm histoGram = new histForm(curBitmpap);
histoGram.ShowDialog();
}
}
private void linearPO_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (curBitmpap!=null)
{
//实例化linearPOForm窗体
linearPOForm linearForm = new linearPOForm();
//点击确定按钮
if (linearForm.ShowDialog()==DialogResult.OK)
{
Rectangle rect = new Rectangle(0, 0, curBitmpap.Width, curBitmpap.Height);
System.Drawing.Imaging.BitmapData bmpData = curBitmpap.LockBits(rect,
System.Drawing.Imaging.ImageLockMode.ReadWrite, curBitmpap.PixelFormat);
IntPtr ptr = bmpData.Scan0;
int bytes = curBitmpap.Width * curBitmpap.Height;
byte[] grayValues = new byte[bytes];
System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.Copy(ptr, grayValues, 0, bytes);
int temp = 0;
//得到斜率
double a = Convert.ToDouble(linearForm.GetScaling);
//得到偏移量
double b = Convert.ToDouble(linearForm.GetOffset);
for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++)
{
//根据公式计算线性点运算
//加0.5表示四舍五入
temp = (int)(a * grayValues[i] + b + 0.5);
//灰度值限制在0~255之间
//大于255，则为255；小于0则为0
if (temp>255)
{
grayValues[i] = 255;
}
else if (temp<0)
{
grayValues[i] = 0;
}
else
{
grayValues[i] = (byte)temp;
}
}
System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.Copy(grayValues, 0, ptr, bytes);
curBitmpap.UnlockBits(bmpData);
}
Invalidate();
}
}
}
}
3.全等级直方图灰度拉伸
灰度拉伸也属于线性点运算的一种,也可以通过上一节的程序得到。但由于它在点运算的特殊性,所以把它单独列出来进行介绍。
3.1 灰度拉伸定义
如果一幅图像的灰度值分布在全等级灰度范围内，即在0~255之间,那么它更容易被区别确认出来。
灰度拉伸，也称对比度拉伸，是一种简单的线性点运算。它扩展图像的直方图，使其充满整个灰度等级范围内。
设f(x,y)为输入图像,它的最小灰度级A和最大灰度级B的定义为:
A=min[f(x,y) B=max[f(x,y)]
我们的目标是按照公式
g(x, y)=pf(x,y)+L
把A和B分别线性映射到0和255,因此,最终的图像g(x,y)为:
3.2 灰度拉伸编程实例
private void stretch_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
Stretch(curBitmpap, out curBitmpap);
Invalidate();
}
/// <summary>
/// 全等级灰度拉伸 （图像增强）
/// </summary>
/// <param name="srcBmp">原图像</param>
/// <param name="dstBmp">处理后图像</param>
/// <returns>处理成功 true 失败 false</returns>
public static bool Stretch(Bitmap srcBmp, out Bitmap dstBmp)
{
if (srcBmp == null)
{
dstBmp = null;
return false;
}
double pR = 0.0;//斜率
double pG = 0.0;//斜率
double pB = 0.0;//斜率
byte minGrayDegree = 255;
byte maxGrayDegree = 0;
byte minGrayDegreeR = 255;
byte maxGrayDegreeR = 0;
byte minGrayDegreeG = 255;
byte maxGrayDegreeG = 0;
byte minGrayDegreeB = 255;
byte maxGrayDegreeB = 0;
dstBmp = new Bitmap(srcBmp);
Rectangle rt = new Rectangle(0, 0, dstBmp.Width, dstBmp.Height);
BitmapData bmpData = dstBmp.LockBits(rt, ImageLockMode.ReadWrite, PixelFormat.Format24bppRgb);
unsafe
{
for (int i = 0; i < bmpData.Height; i++)
{
byte* ptr = (byte*)bmpData.Scan0 + i * bmpData.Stride;
for (int j = 0; j < bmpData.Width; j++)
{
if (minGrayDegreeR > *(ptr + j * 3 + 2))
minGrayDegreeR = *(ptr + j * 3 + 2);
if (maxGrayDegreeR < *(ptr + j * 3 + 2))
maxGrayDegreeR = *(ptr + j * 3 + 2);
if (minGrayDegreeG > *(ptr + j * 3 + 1))
minGrayDegreeG = *(ptr + j * 3 + 1);
if (maxGrayDegreeG < *(ptr + j * 3 + 1))
maxGrayDegreeG = *(ptr + j * 3 + 1);
if (minGrayDegreeB > *(ptr + j * 3))
minGrayDegreeB = *(ptr + j * 3);
if (maxGrayDegreeB < *(ptr + j * 3))
maxGrayDegreeB = *(ptr + j * 3);
}
}
pR = 255.0 / (maxGrayDegreeR - minGrayDegreeR);
pG = 255.0 / (maxGrayDegreeG - minGrayDegreeG);
pB = 255.0 / (maxGrayDegreeB - minGrayDegreeB);
for (int i = 0; i < bmpData.Height; i++)
{
byte* ptr1 = (byte*)bmpData.Scan0 + i * bmpData.Stride;
for (int j = 0; j < bmpData.Width; j++)
{
*(ptr1 + j * 3) = (byte)((*(ptr1 + j * 3) - minGrayDegreeB) * pB + 0.5);
*(ptr1 + j * 3 + 1) = (byte)((*(ptr1 + j * 3 + 1) - minGrayDegreeG) * pG + 0.5);
*(ptr1 + j * 3 + 2) = (byte)((*(ptr1 + j * 3 + 2) - minGrayDegreeR) * pR + 0.5);
}
}
}
dstBmp.UnlockBits(bmpData);
return true;
}
增强后：
4.直方图均衡化
4.1 直方图均衡化定义
直方图均衡化，又称直方图修平，它是一种很重要的非线性点运算。该方法通常用来增加图像的局部对比度，尤其是当图像的有用数据的对比度相当接近的时候。通过这种方法，亮度可以更好地在直方图上分布。
直方图均衡化的基本思想，是把原始图像的直方图变换为均匀分布的形式，这样就增加了像素灰度值的动态范围，从而可达到增强图像整体对比度的效果。
4.2 直方图均衡化编程实例
为该控件添加Click事件，代码如下:
private void equalization_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (curBitmap != null)
{
Rectangle rect = new Rectangle(0, 0, curBitmap.Width, curBitmap.Height);
System.Drawing.Imaging.BitmapData bmpData = curBitmap.LockBits(rect, System.Drawing.Imaging.ImageLockMode.ReadWrite, curBitmap.PixelFormat);
IntPtr ptr = bmpData.Scan0;
int bytes = curBitmap.Width * curBitmap.Height;
byte[] grayValues = new byte[bytes];
System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.Copy(ptr, grayValues, 0, bytes);
byte temp;
int[] countPixel = new int[256];
int[] tempArray = new int[256];
//Array.Clear(tempArray, 0, 256);
byte[] pixelMap = new byte[256];
//计算各灰度级的像素个数
for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++)
{
//灰度级
temp = grayValues[i];
//计数加1
countPixel[temp]++;
}
for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++)
{
if (i != 0)
{
tempArray[i] = tempArray[i - 1] + countPixel[i];
}
else
{
tempArray[0] = countPixel[0];
}
pixelMap[i] = (byte)(255.0 * tempArray[i] / bytes + 0.5);
}
for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++)
{
temp = grayValues[i];
grayValues[i] = pixelMap[temp];
}
System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.Copy(grayValues, 0, ptr, bytes);
curBitmap.UnlockBits(bmpData);
Invalidate();
}
}
5.直方图匹配
5.1 直方图匹配定义
直方图匹配，又称直方图规定化，即变换原图的直方图为规定的某种形式的直方图，从而使两幅图像具有类似的色调和反差。直方图匹配属于非线性点运算。
直方图规定化的原理:对两个直方图都做均衡化，变成相同的归一化的均匀直方图，以此均匀直方图为媒介，再对参考图像做均衡化的逆运算。
5.2 直方图匹配编程实例
private void shaping_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (curBitmap != null)
{
shapingForm sForm = new shapingForm();
if (sForm.ShowDialog() == DialogResult.OK)
{
Rectangle rect = new Rectangle(0, 0, curBitmap.Width, curBitmap.Height);
System.Drawing.Imaging.BitmapData bmpData = curBitmap.LockBits(rect, System.Drawing.Imaging.ImageLockMode.ReadWrite, curBitmap.PixelFormat);
IntPtr ptr = bmpData.Scan0;
int bytes = curBitmap.Width * curBitmap.Height;
byte[] grayValues = new byte[bytes];
System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.Copy(ptr, grayValues, 0, bytes);
byte temp = 0;
double[] PPixel = new double[256];
double[] QPixel = new double[256];
int[] qPixel = new int[256];
int[] tempArray = new int[256];
for (int i = 0; i < grayValues.Length; i++)
{
temp = grayValues[i];
qPixel[temp]++;
}
for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++)
{
if (i != 0)
{
tempArray[i] = tempArray[i - 1] + qPixel[i];
}
else
{
tempArray[0] = qPixel[0];
}
QPixel[i] = (double)tempArray[i] / (double)bytes;
}
PPixel = sForm.ApplicationP;
double diffA, diffB;
byte k = 0;
byte[] mapPixel = new byte[256];
for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++)
{
diffB = 1;
for (int j = k; j < 256; j++)
{
diffA = Math.Abs(QPixel[i] - PPixel[j]);
if (diffA - diffB < 1.0E-08)
{
diffB = diffA;
k = (byte)j;
}
else
{
k = (byte)(j - 1);
break;
}
}
if (k == 255)
{
for (int l = i; l < 256; l++)
{
mapPixel[l] = k;
}
break;
}
mapPixel[i] = k;
}
for (int i = 0; i < bytes; i++)
{
temp = grayValues[i];
grayValues[i] = mapPixel[temp];
}
System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.Copy(grayValues, 0, ptr, bytes);
curBitmap.UnlockBits(bmpData);
}
Invalidate();
}
}
6.附件链接
6.1 解决VS2022 中没有.net4.0
我们在安装了最新的Visual Studio 2022，在单个组件中没有 .net4.0或者.net4.5的问题。
6.1.1 解措施
通过nuget 下载 4.0 安装包
下载地址： .NETFramework,Version=v4.0 的引用程序集
得到安装包.nupkg ，然后后缀名字，修改为.zip 解压后
将v4.0 复制到 C:\Program Files (x86)\Reference Assemblies\Microsoft\Framework\.NETFramework 直接替换文件
然后我们重启 vs2022，问题解决。
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