【Java基础-3】吃透Java IO：字节流、字符流、缓冲流

最新推荐文章于 2021-09-30 10:09:52 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2021-09-30 10:09:52 发布

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分类专栏： java基础

原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/mu_wind/article/details/108674284?utm_medium=distribute.pc_feed.none-task-blog-personrec_tag-12.nonecase&depth_1-utm_source=distribute.pc_feed.none-task-blog-personrec_tag-12.nonecase&request_id=5f6d4fb0dfc5717f9a2ae4ea

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前言

有人曾问fastjson的作者（阿里技术专家高铁）：“你开发fastjson，没得到什么好处，反而挨了骂背了锅，这种事情你为什么要做呢？”

高铁答道：“因为热爱本身，就是奖励啊！”

这个回答顿时触动了我。想想自己，又何尝不是如此。写作是个痛苦的过程，用心写作就更加煎熬，需字字斟酌，反复删改才有所成。然而，当一篇篇精良文章出自己手而呈现眼前时，那些痛苦煎熬就都那么值得。如果这些博文能有幸得大家阅读和认可，就更加是莫大的鼓舞了。技术人的快乐就是可以这么纯粹和简单。

如果各位能顺手点个赞，就更好了(●’◡’●)。

IO流是Java中的一个重要构成部分，也是我们经常打交道的。这篇关于Java IO的博文干货满满，堪称全网前三（请轻喷！）

下面几个问题（问题还会继续补充），如果你能对答如流，那么恭喜你，IO知识掌握得很好，可以立即关闭文章。反之，你可以在后面得文章中寻找答案。

Java IO流有什么特点？
Java IO流分为几种类型？
字节流和字符流的关系与区别？
字符流是否使用了缓冲？
缓冲流的效率一定高吗？为什么？
缓冲流体现了Java中的哪种设计模式思想？
为什么要实现序列化?如何实现序列化?
序列化数据后，再次修改类文件，读取数据会出问题，如何解决呢?

1 初识Java IO

IO，即in和out，也就是输入和输出，指应用程序和外部设备之间的数据传递，常见的外部设备包括文件、管道、网络连接。

Java 中是通过流处理IO 的，那么什么是流？

流（Stream），是一个抽象的概念，是指一连串的数据（字符或字节），是以先进先出的方式发送信息的通道。

当程序需要读取数据的时候，就会开启一个通向数据源的流，这个数据源可以是文件，内存，或是网络连接。类似的，当程序需要写入数据的时候，就会开启一个通向目的地的流。这时候你就可以想象数据好像在这其中“流”动一样。

一般来说关于流的特性有下面几点：

先进先出：最先写入输出流的数据最先被输入流读取到。
顺序存取：可以一个接一个地往流中写入一串字节，读出时也将按写入顺序读取一串字节，不能随机访问中间的数据。（RandomAccessFile除外）
只读或只写：每个流只能是输入流或输出流的一种，不能同时具备两个功能，输入流只能进行读操作，对输出流只能进行写操作。在一个数据传输通道中，如果既要写入数据，又要读取数据，则要分别提供两个流。

1.1 IO流分类

IO流主要的分类方式有以下3种：

按数据流的方向：输入流、输出流
按处理数据单位：字节流、字符流
按功能：节点流、处理流

在这里插入图片描述
1、输入流与输出流

输入与输出是相对于应用程序而言的，比如文件读写，读取文件是输入流，写文件是输出流，这点很容易搞反。

在这里插入图片描述
2、字节流与字符流

字节流和字符流的用法几乎完成全一样，区别在于字节流和字符流所操作的数据单元不同，字节流操作的单元是数据单元是8位的字节，字符流操作的是数据单元为16位的字符。

为什么要有字符流？

Java中字符是采用Unicode标准，Unicode 编码中，一个英文为一个字节，一个中文为两个字节。
在这里插入图片描述
而在UTF-8编码中，一个中文字符是3个字节。例如下面图中，“云深不知处”5个中文对应的是15个字节：-28-70-111-26-73-79-28-72-115-25-97-91-27-92-124

那么问题来了，如果使用字节流处理中文，如果一次读写一个字符对应的字节数就不会有问题，一旦将一个字符对应的字节分裂开来，就会出现乱码了。为了更方便地处理中文这些字符，Java就推出了字符流。

字节流和字符流的其他区别：

字节流一般用来处理图像、视频、音频、PPT、Word等类型的文件。字符流一般用于处理纯文本类型的文件，如TXT文件等，但不能处理图像视频等非文本文件。用一句话说就是：字节流可以处理一切文件，而字符流只能处理纯文本文件。
字节流本身没有缓冲区，缓冲字节流相对于字节流，效率提升非常高。而字符流本身就带有缓冲区，缓冲字符流相对于字符流效率提升就不是那么大了。详见文末效率对比。

以写文件为例，我们查看字符流的源码，发现确实有利用到缓冲区：
在这里插入图片描述

3、节点流和处理流

节点流：直接操作数据读写的流类，比如FileInputStream

处理流：对一个已存在的流的链接和封装，通过对数据进行处理为程序提供功能强大、灵活的读写功能，例如BufferedInputStream（缓冲字节流）

处理流和节点流应用了Java的装饰者设计模式。

下图就很形象地描绘了节点流和处理流，处理流是对节点流的封装，最终的数据处理还是由节点流完成的。
在这里插入图片描述
在诸多处理流中，有一个非常重要，那就是缓冲流。

我们知道，程序与磁盘的交互相对于内存运算是很慢的，容易成为程序的性能瓶颈。减少程序与磁盘的交互，是提升程序效率一种有效手段。缓冲流，就应用这种思路：普通流每次读写一个字节，而缓冲流在内存中设置一个缓存区，缓冲区先存储足够的待操作数据后，再与内存或磁盘进行交互。这样，在总数据量不变的情况下，通过提高每次交互的数据量，减少了交互次数。
在这里插入图片描述

联想一下生活中的例子，我们搬砖的时候，一块一块地往车上装肯定是很低效的。我们可以使用一个小推车，先把砖装到小推车上，再把这小推车推到车前，把砖装到车上。这个例子中，小推车可以视为缓冲区，小推车的存在，减少了我们装车次数，从而提高了效率。
在这里插入图片描述
需要注意的是，缓冲流效率一定高吗？不一定，某些情形下，缓冲流效率反而更低，具体请见IO流效率对比。

完整的IO分类图如下：
在这里插入图片描述

1.2 案例实操

接下来，我们看看如何使用Java IO。

文本读写的例子，也就是文章开头所说的，将“松下问童子，言师采药去。只在此山中，云深不知处。”写入本地文本，然后再从文件读取内容并输出到控制台。

1、FileInputStream、FileOutputStream（字节流）

字节流的方式效率较低，不建议使用

public class IOTest {
	public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
		File file = new File("D:/test.txt");
	<span class="token function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>file<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token function">read</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>file<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>File file<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> IOException <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	OutputStream os <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">FileOutputStream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>file<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token boolean">true</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token comment">// 要写入的字符串</span>
	String string <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"松下问童子，言师采药去。只在此山中，云深不知处。"</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token comment">// 写入文件</span>
	os<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>string<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getBytes</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token comment">// 关闭流</span>
	os<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> String <span class="token function">read</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>File file<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> IOException <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	InputStream in <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">FileInputStream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>file<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token comment">// 一次性取多少个字节</span>
	<span class="token keyword">byte</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> bytes <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">byte</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1024</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token comment">// 用来接收读取的字节数组</span>
	StringBuilder sb <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">StringBuilder</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token comment">// 读取到的字节数组长度，为-1时表示没有数据</span>
	<span class="token keyword">int</span> length <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token comment">// 循环取数据</span>
	<span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>length <span class="token operator">=</span> in<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">read</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>bytes<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
		<span class="token comment">// 将读取的内容转换成字符串</span>
		sb<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">append</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">String</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>bytes<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> length<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
	<span class="token comment">// 关闭流</span>
	in<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token keyword">return</span> sb<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toString</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

2、BufferedInputStream、BufferedOutputStream（缓冲字节流）

缓冲字节流是为高效率而设计的，真正的读写操作还是靠FileOutputStream和FileInputStream，所以其构造方法入参是这两个类的对象也就不奇怪了。

public class IOTest {
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>File file<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> IOException <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	<span class="token comment">// 缓冲字节流，提高了效率</span>
	BufferedOutputStream bis <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">BufferedOutputStream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">FileOutputStream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>file<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token boolean">true</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token comment">// 要写入的字符串</span>
	String string <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"松下问童子，言师采药去。只在此山中，云深不知处。"</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token comment">// 写入文件</span>
	bis<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>string<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getBytes</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token comment">// 关闭流</span>
	bis<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> String <span class="token function">read</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>File file<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> IOException <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	BufferedInputStream fis <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">BufferedInputStream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">FileInputStream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>file<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token comment">// 一次性取多少个字节</span>
	<span class="token keyword">byte</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> bytes <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">byte</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1024</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token comment">// 用来接收读取的字节数组</span>
	StringBuilder sb <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">StringBuilder</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token comment">// 读取到的字节数组长度，为-1时表示没有数据</span>
	<span class="token keyword">int</span> length <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token comment">// 循环取数据</span>
	<span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>length <span class="token operator">=</span> fis<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">read</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>bytes<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
		<span class="token comment">// 将读取的内容转换成字符串</span>
		sb<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">append</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">String</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>bytes<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> length<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
	<span class="token comment">// 关闭流</span>
	fis<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token keyword">return</span> sb<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toString</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

3、InputStreamReader、OutputStreamWriter（字符流）

字符流适用于文本文件的读写，OutputStreamWriter类其实也是借助FileOutputStream类实现的，故其构造方法是FileOutputStream的对象

public class IOTest {
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>File file<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> IOException <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	<span class="token comment">// OutputStreamWriter可以显示指定字符集，否则使用默认字符集</span>
	OutputStreamWriter osw <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">OutputStreamWriter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">FileOutputStream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>file<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token boolean">true</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"UTF-8"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token comment">// 要写入的字符串</span>
	String string <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"松下问童子，言师采药去。只在此山中，云深不知处。"</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	osw<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>string<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	osw<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> String <span class="token function">read</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>File file<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> IOException <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	InputStreamReader isr <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">InputStreamReader</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">FileInputStream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>file<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"UTF-8"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token comment">// 字符数组：一次读取多少个字符</span>
	<span class="token keyword">char</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> chars <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">char</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1024</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token comment">// 每次读取的字符数组先append到StringBuilder中</span>
	StringBuilder sb <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">StringBuilder</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token comment">// 读取到的字符数组长度，为-1时表示没有数据</span>
	<span class="token keyword">int</span> length<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token comment">// 循环取数据</span>
	<span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>length <span class="token operator">=</span> isr<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">read</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>chars<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
		<span class="token comment">// 将读取的内容转换成字符串</span>
		sb<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">append</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>chars<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> length<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
	<span class="token comment">// 关闭流</span>
	isr<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token keyword">return</span> sb<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toString</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

4、字符流便捷类

Java提供了FileWriter和FileReader简化字符流的读写，new FileWriter等同于new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(file, true))

public class IOTest {
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>File file<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> IOException <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	FileWriter fw <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">FileWriter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>file<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token boolean">true</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token comment">// 要写入的字符串</span>
	String string <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"松下问童子，言师采药去。只在此山中，云深不知处。"</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	fw<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>string<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	fw<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> String <span class="token function">read</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>File file<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> IOException <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	FileReader fr <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">FileReader</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>file<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token comment">// 一次性取多少个字节</span>
	<span class="token keyword">char</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> chars <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">char</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1024</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token comment">// 用来接收读取的字节数组</span>
	StringBuilder sb <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">StringBuilder</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token comment">// 读取到的字节数组长度，为-1时表示没有数据</span>
	<span class="token keyword">int</span> length<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token comment">// 循环取数据</span>
	<span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>length <span class="token operator">=</span> fr<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">read</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>chars<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
		<span class="token comment">// 将读取的内容转换成字符串</span>
		sb<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">append</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>chars<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> length<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
	<span class="token comment">// 关闭流</span>
	fr<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token keyword">return</span> sb<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toString</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

5、BufferedReader、BufferedWriter（字符缓冲流）

public class IOTest {
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>File file<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> IOException <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	<span class="token comment">// BufferedWriter fw = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(new</span>
	<span class="token comment">// FileOutputStream(file, true), "UTF-8"));</span>
	<span class="token comment">// FileWriter可以大幅度简化代码</span>
	BufferedWriter bw <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">BufferedWriter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">FileWriter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>file<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token boolean">true</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token comment">// 要写入的字符串</span>
	String string <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"松下问童子，言师采药去。只在此山中，云深不知处。"</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	bw<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>string<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	bw<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> String <span class="token function">read</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>File file<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> IOException <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	BufferedReader br <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">BufferedReader</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">FileReader</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>file<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token comment">// 用来接收读取的字节数组</span>
	StringBuilder sb <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">StringBuilder</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token comment">// 按行读数据</span>
	String line<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token comment">// 循环取数据</span>
	<span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>line <span class="token operator">=</span> br<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">readLine</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">!=</span> null<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
		<span class="token comment">// 将读取的内容转换成字符串</span>
		sb<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">append</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>line<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
	<span class="token comment">// 关闭流</span>
	br<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token keyword">return</span> sb<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toString</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

2 IO流对象

第一节中，我们大致了解了IO，并完成了几个案例，但对IO还缺乏更详细的认知，那么接下来我们就对Java IO细细分解，梳理出完整的知识体系来。

Java种提供了40多个类，我们只需要详细了解一下其中比较重要的就可以满足日常应用了。

2.1 File类

File类是用来操作文件的类，但它不能操作文件中的数据。

public class File extends Object implements Serializable, Comparable<File>

 
 
 
 1

File类实现了Serializable、 Comparable<File>，说明它是支持序列化和排序的。

File类的构造方法

方法名	说明
`File(File parent, String child)`	根据 parent 抽象路径名和 child 路径名字符串创建一个新 File 实例。
`File(String pathname)`	通过将给定路径名字符串转换为抽象路径名来创建一个新 File 实例。
`File(String parent, String child)`	根据 parent 路径名字符串和 child 路径名字符串创建一个新 File 实例。
`File(URI uri)`	通过将给定的 file: URI 转换为一个抽象路径名来创建一个新的 File 实例。

File类的常用方法

方法	说明
`createNewFile()`	当且仅当不存在具有此抽象路径名指定名称的文件时，不可分地创建一个新的空文件。
`delete()`	删除此抽象路径名表示的文件或目录。
`exists()`	测试此抽象路径名表示的文件或目录是否存在。
`getAbsoluteFile()`	返回此抽象路径名的绝对路径名形式。
`getAbsolutePath()`	返回此抽象路径名的绝对路径名字符串。
`length()`	返回由此抽象路径名表示的文件的长度。
`mkdir()`	创建此抽象路径名指定的目录。

File类使用实例

public class FileTest {
	public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
		File file = new File("C:/Mu/fileTest.txt");
	<span class="token comment">// 判断文件是否存在</span>
	<span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token operator">!</span>file<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">exists</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
		<span class="token comment">// 不存在则创建</span>
		file<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">createNewFile</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
	System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"文件的绝对路径："</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> file<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getAbsolutePath</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"文件的大小："</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> file<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">length</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token comment">// 刪除文件</span>
	file<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">delete</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

2.2 字节流

InputStream与OutputStream是两个抽象类，是字节流的基类，所有具体的字节流实现类都是分别继承了这两个类。

以InputStream为例，它继承了Object，实现了Closeable

public abstract class InputStream
extends Object
implements Closeable

 
 
 
 1
2
3

InputStream类有很多的实现子类，下面列举了一些比较常用的：
在这里插入图片描述
详细说明一下上图中的类：

InputStream：InputStream是所有字节输入流的抽象基类，前面说过抽象类不能被实例化，实际上是作为模板而存在的，为所有实现类定义了处理输入流的方法。
FileInputSream：文件输入流，一个非常重要的字节输入流，用于对文件进行读取操作。
PipedInputStream：管道字节输入流，能实现多线程间的管道通信。
ByteArrayInputStream：字节数组输入流，从字节数组(byte[])中进行以字节为单位的读取，也就是将资源文件都以字节的形式存入到该类中的字节数组中去。
FilterInputStream：装饰者类，具体的装饰者继承该类，这些类都是处理类，作用是对节点类进行封装，实现一些特殊功能。
DataInputStream：数据输入流，它是用来装饰其它输入流，作用是“允许应用程序以与机器无关方式从底层输入流中读取基本 Java 数据类型”。
BufferedInputStream：缓冲流，对节点流进行装饰，内部会有一个缓存区，用来存放字节，每次都是将缓存区存满然后发送，而不是一个字节或两个字节这样发送，效率更高。
ObjectInputStream：对象输入流，用来提供对基本数据或对象的持久存储。通俗点说，也就是能直接传输对象，通常应用在反序列化中。它也是一种处理流，构造器的入参是一个InputStream的实例对象。

OutputStream类继承关系图：
在这里插入图片描述

OutputStream类继承关系与InputStream类似，需要注意的是PrintStream.

2.3 字符流

与字节流类似，字符流也有两个抽象基类，分别是Reader和Writer。其他的字符流实现类都是继承了这两个类。

以Reader为例，它的主要实现子类如下图：
在这里插入图片描述
各个类的详细说明：

InputStreamReader：从字节流到字符流的桥梁（InputStreamReader构造器入参是FileInputStream的实例对象），它读取字节并使用指定的字符集将其解码为字符。它使用的字符集可以通过名称指定，也可以显式给定，或者可以接受平台的默认字符集。
BufferedReader：从字符输入流中读取文本，设置一个缓冲区来提高效率。BufferedReader是对InputStreamReader的封装，前者构造器的入参就是后者的一个实例对象。
FileReader：用于读取字符文件的便利类，new FileReader(File file)等同于new InputStreamReader(new FileInputStream(file, true),"UTF-8")，但FileReader不能指定字符编码和默认字节缓冲区大小。
PipedReader ：管道字符输入流。实现多线程间的管道通信。
CharArrayReader：从Char数组中读取数据的介质流。
StringReader ：从String中读取数据的介质流。

Writer与Reader结构类似，方向相反，不再赘述。唯一有区别的是，Writer的子类PrintWriter。

2.4 序列化

待续…

3 IO流方法

3.1 字节流方法

字节输入流InputStream主要方法：

read() ：从此输入流中读取一个数据字节。
read(byte[] b) ：从此输入流中将最多 b.length 个字节的数据读入一个 byte 数组中。
read(byte[] b, int off, int len) ：从此输入流中将最多 len 个字节的数据读入一个 byte 数组中。
close()：关闭此输入流并释放与该流关联的所有系统资源。

字节输出流OutputStream主要方法：

write(byte[] b) ：将 b.length 个字节从指定 byte 数组写入此文件输出流中。
write(byte[] b, int off, int len) ：将指定 byte 数组中从偏移量 off 开始的 len 个字节写入此文件输出流。
write(int b) ：将指定字节写入此文件输出流。
close() ：关闭此输入流并释放与该流关联的所有系统资源。

3.2 字符流方法

字符输入流Reader主要方法：

read()：读取单个字符。
read(char[] cbuf) ：将字符读入数组。
read(char[] cbuf, int off, int len) ：将字符读入数组的某一部分。
read(CharBuffer target) ：试图将字符读入指定的字符缓冲区。
flush() ：刷新该流的缓冲。
close() ：关闭此流，但要先刷新它。

字符输出流Writer主要方法：

write(char[] cbuf) ：写入字符数组。
write(char[] cbuf, int off, int len) ：写入字符数组的某一部分。
write(int c) ：写入单个字符。
write(String str) ：写入字符串。
write(String str, int off, int len) ：写入字符串的某一部分。
flush() ：刷新该流的缓冲。
close() ：关闭此流，但要先刷新它。

另外，字符缓冲流还有两个独特的方法：

BufferedWriter类newLine() ：写入一个行分隔符。这个方法会自动适配所在系统的行分隔符。
BufferedReader类readLine() ：读取一个文本行。

4 附加内容

4.1 位、字节、字符

字节(Byte)是计量单位，表示数据量多少，是计算机信息技术用于计量存储容量的一种计量单位，通常情况下一字节等于八位。

字符(Character)计算机中使用的字母、数字、字和符号，比如’A’、‘B’、’$’、’&'等。

一般在英文状态下一个字母或字符占用一个字节，一个汉字用两个字节表示。

字节与字符：

ASCII 码中，一个英文字母（不分大小写）为一个字节，一个中文汉字为两个字节。
UTF-8 编码中，一个英文字为一个字节，一个中文为三个字节。
Unicode 编码中，一个英文为一个字节，一个中文为两个字节。
符号：英文标点为一个字节，中文标点为两个字节。例如：英文句号 . 占1个字节的大小，中文句号。占2个字节的大小。
UTF-16 编码中，一个英文字母字符或一个汉字字符存储都需要 2 个字节（Unicode 扩展区的一些汉字存储需要 4 个字节）。
UTF-32 编码中，世界上任何字符的存储都需要 4 个字节。

4.2 IO流效率对比

首先，对比下普通字节流和缓冲字节流的效率：

public class MyTest {
	public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
		File file = new File("C:/Mu/test.txt");
		StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
	<span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> i <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> <span class="token number">3000000</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
		sb<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">append</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"abcdefghigklmnopqrstuvwsyz"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
	<span class="token keyword">byte</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> bytes <span class="token operator">=</span> sb<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toString</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getBytes</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token keyword">long</span> start <span class="token operator">=</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentTimeMillis</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>file<span class="token punctuation">,</span> bytes<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token keyword">long</span> end <span class="token operator">=</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentTimeMillis</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token keyword">long</span> start2 <span class="token operator">=</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentTimeMillis</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token function">bufferedWrite</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>file<span class="token punctuation">,</span> bytes<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token keyword">long</span> end2 <span class="token operator">=</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentTimeMillis</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"普通字节流耗时："</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>end <span class="token operator">-</span> start<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">" ms"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"缓冲字节流耗时："</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>end2 <span class="token operator">-</span> start2<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">" ms"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token comment">// 普通字节流</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>File file<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">byte</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> bytes<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> IOException <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	OutputStream os <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">FileOutputStream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>file<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	os<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>bytes<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	os<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token comment">// 缓冲字节流</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">bufferedWrite</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>File file<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">byte</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> bytes<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> IOException <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	BufferedOutputStream bo <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">BufferedOutputStream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">FileOutputStream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>file<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	bo<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>bytes<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	bo<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

运行结果：

普通字节流耗时：250 ms
缓冲字节流耗时：268 ms

 
 
 
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这个结果让我大跌眼镜，不是说好缓冲流效率很高么？要知道为什么，只能去源码里找答案了。翻看字节缓冲流的write方法：

public synchronized void write(byte b[], int off, int len) throws IOException {
    if (len >= buf.length) {
        /* If the request length exceeds the size of the output buffer,
           flush the output buffer and then write the data directly.
           In this way buffered streams will cascade harmlessly. */
        flushBuffer();
        out.write(b, off, len);
        return;
    }
    if (len > buf.length - count) {
        flushBuffer();
    }
    System.arraycopy(b, off, buf, count, len);
    count += len;
}

 
 
 
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5
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7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
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注释里说得很明白：如果请求长度超过输出缓冲区的大小，刷新输出缓冲区，然后直接写入数据。这样，缓冲流将无害地级联。

但是，至于为什么这么设计，我没有想明白，有哪位明白的大佬可以留言指点一下。

基于上面的情形，要想对比普通字节流和缓冲字节流的效率差距，就要避免直接读写较长的字符串，于是，设计了下面这个对比案例：用字节流和缓冲字节流分别复制文件。

public class MyTest {
	public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
		File data = new File("C:/Mu/data.zip");
		File a = new File("C:/Mu/a.zip");
		File b = new File("C:/Mu/b.zip");
	StringBuilder sb <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">StringBuilder</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token keyword">long</span> start <span class="token operator">=</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentTimeMillis</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token function">copy</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>data<span class="token punctuation">,</span> a<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token keyword">long</span> end <span class="token operator">=</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentTimeMillis</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token keyword">long</span> start2 <span class="token operator">=</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentTimeMillis</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token function">bufferedCopy</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>data<span class="token punctuation">,</span> b<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token keyword">long</span> end2 <span class="token operator">=</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentTimeMillis</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"普通字节流耗时："</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>end <span class="token operator">-</span> start<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">" ms"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"缓冲字节流耗时："</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>end2 <span class="token operator">-</span> start2<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">" ms"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token comment">// 普通字节流</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">copy</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>File in<span class="token punctuation">,</span> File out<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> IOException <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	<span class="token comment">// 封装数据源</span>
	InputStream is <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">FileInputStream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>in<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token comment">// 封装目的地</span>
	OutputStream os <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">FileOutputStream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>out<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	
	<span class="token keyword">int</span> by <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>by <span class="token operator">=</span> is<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">read</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
		os<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>by<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
	is<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	os<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token comment">// 缓冲字节流</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">bufferedCopy</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>File in<span class="token punctuation">,</span> File out<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> IOException <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	<span class="token comment">// 封装数据源</span>
	BufferedInputStream bi <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">BufferedInputStream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">FileInputStream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>in<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token comment">// 封装目的地</span>
	BufferedOutputStream bo <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">BufferedOutputStream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">FileOutputStream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>out<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	
	<span class="token keyword">int</span> by <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>by <span class="token operator">=</span> bi<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">read</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
		bo<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>by<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
	bo<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	bi<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

运行结果：

普通字节流耗时：184867 ms
缓冲字节流耗时：752 ms

 
 
 
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这次，普通字节流和缓冲字节流的效率差异就很明显了，达到了245倍。

再看看字符流和缓冲字符流的效率对比：

public class IOTest {
	public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
		// 数据准备
		dataReady();
	File data <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">File</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"C:/Mu/data.txt"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	File a <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">File</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"C:/Mu/a.txt"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	File b <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">File</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"C:/Mu/b.txt"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	File c <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">File</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"C:/Mu/c.txt"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token keyword">long</span> start <span class="token operator">=</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentTimeMillis</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token function">copy</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>data<span class="token punctuation">,</span> a<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token keyword">long</span> end <span class="token operator">=</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentTimeMillis</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token keyword">long</span> start2 <span class="token operator">=</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentTimeMillis</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token function">copyChars</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>data<span class="token punctuation">,</span> b<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token keyword">long</span> end2 <span class="token operator">=</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentTimeMillis</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token keyword">long</span> start3 <span class="token operator">=</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentTimeMillis</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token function">bufferedCopy</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>data<span class="token punctuation">,</span> c<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token keyword">long</span> end3 <span class="token operator">=</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">currentTimeMillis</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"普通字节流1耗时："</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>end <span class="token operator">-</span> start<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">" ms,文件大小："</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> a<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">length</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token number">1024</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">" kb"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"普通字节流2耗时："</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>end2 <span class="token operator">-</span> start2<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">" ms,文件大小："</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> b<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">length</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token number">1024</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">" kb"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"缓冲字节流耗时："</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>end3 <span class="token operator">-</span> start3<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">" ms,文件大小："</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> c<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">length</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token number">1024</span> <span class="token operator">+</span> <span class="token string">" kb"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token comment">// 普通字符流不使用数组</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">copy</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>File in<span class="token punctuation">,</span> File out<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> IOException <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	Reader reader <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">FileReader</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>in<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	Writer writer <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">FileWriter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>out<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token keyword">int</span> ch <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>ch <span class="token operator">=</span> reader<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">read</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
		writer<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">char</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> ch<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
	reader<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	writer<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token comment">// 普通字符流使用字符流</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">copyChars</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>File in<span class="token punctuation">,</span> File out<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> IOException <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	Reader reader <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">FileReader</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>in<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	Writer writer <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">FileWriter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>out<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	<span class="token keyword">char</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> chs <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">char</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token number">1024</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>reader<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">read</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>chs<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
		writer<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>chs<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
	reader<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	writer<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token comment">// 缓冲字符流</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">bufferedCopy</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>File in<span class="token punctuation">,</span> File out<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> IOException <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	BufferedReader br <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">BufferedReader</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">FileReader</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>in<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	BufferedWriter bw <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">BufferedWriter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">FileWriter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>out<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	String line <span class="token operator">=</span> null<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token keyword">while</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>line <span class="token operator">=</span> br<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">readLine</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">!=</span> null<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
		bw<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>line<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
		bw<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">newLine</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
		bw<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">flush</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

	<span class="token comment">// 释放资源</span>
	bw<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	br<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token comment">// 数据准备</span>
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">static</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">dataReady</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> IOException <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
	StringBuilder sb <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">StringBuilder</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token keyword">for</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">int</span> i <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i <span class="token operator">&lt;</span> <span class="token number">600000</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> i<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span>
		sb<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">append</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
	OutputStream os <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">FileOutputStream</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">File</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"C:/Mu/data.txt"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	os<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">write</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>sb<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">toString</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">getBytes</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

	os<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">close</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
	System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"完毕"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

运行结果：

普通字符流1耗时：1337 ms,文件大小：15234 kb
普通字符流2耗时：82 ms,文件大小：15235 kb
缓冲字符流耗时：205 ms,文件大小：15234 kb

测试多次，结果差不多，可见字符缓冲流效率上并没有明显提高，我们更多的是要使用它的readLine()和newLine()方法。

4.3 NIO

待续…

白龙三太子

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