整数相加,得到整数:
In [1]:
2 + 2
Out[1]:
4
浮点数相加,得到浮点数:
In [2]:
2.0 + 2.5
Out[2]:
4.5
整数和浮点数相加,得到浮点数:
In [3]:
2 + 2.5
Out[3]:
4.5
变量赋值
Python使用<变量名>=<表达式>
的方式对变量进行赋值
In [4]:
a = 0.2
字符串 String
字符串的生成,单引号与双引号是等价的:
In [5]:
s = "hello world" s
Out[5]:
'hello world'
In [6]:
s = 'hello world' s
Out[6]:
'hello world'
三引号用来输入包含多行文字的字符串:
In [7]:
s = """hello world""" print s
hello world
In [8]:
s = '''hello world''' print s
hello world
字符串的加法:
In [9]:
s = "hello" + " world" s
Out[9]:
'hello world'
字符串索引:
In [10]:
s[0]
Out[10]:
'h'
In [11]:
s[-1]
Out[11]:
'd'
In [12]:
s[0:5]
Out[12]:
'hello'
字符串的分割:
In [13]:
s = "hello world" s.split()
Out[13]:
['hello', 'world']
查看字符串的长度:
In [14]:
len(s)
Out[14]:
11
列表 List
Python用[]
来生成列表
In [15]:
a = [1, 2.0, 'hello', 5 + 1.0] a
Out[15]:
[1, 2.0, 'hello', 6.0]
列表加法:
In [16]:
a + a
Out[16]:
[1, 2.0, 'hello', 6.0, 1, 2.0, 'hello', 6.0]
列表索引:
In [17]:
a[1]
Out[17]:
2.0
列表长度:
In [18]:
len(a)
Out[18]:
4
向列表中添加元素:
In [19]:
a.append("world") a
Out[19]:
[1, 2.0, 'hello', 6.0, 'world']
集合 Set
Python用{}来生成集合,集合中不含有相同元素。
In [20]:
s = {2, 3, 4, 2} s
Out[20]:
{2, 3, 4}
集合的长度:
In [21]:
len(s)
Out[21]:
3
向集合中添加元素:
In [22]:
s.add(1) s
Out[22]:
{1, 2, 3, 4}
集合的交:
In [23]:
a = {1, 2, 3, 4} b = {2, 3, 4, 5} a & b
Out[23]:
{2, 3, 4}
并:
In [24]:
a | b
Out[24]:
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
差:
In [25]:
a - b
Out[25]:
{1}
对称差:
In [26]:
a ^ b
Out[26]:
{1, 5}
字典 Dictionary
Python用{key:value}
来生成Dictionary。
In [27]:
d = {'dogs':5, 'cats':4} d
Out[27]:
{'cats': 4, 'dogs': 5}
字典的大小
In [28]:
len(d)
Out[28]:
2
查看字典某个键对应的值:
In [29]:
d["dogs"]
Out[29]:
5
修改键值:
In [30]:
d["dogs"] = 2 d
Out[30]:
{'cats': 4, 'dogs': 2}
插入键值:
In [31]:
d["pigs"] = 7 d
Out[31]:
{'cats': 4, 'dogs': 2, 'pigs': 7}
所有的键:
In [32]:
d.keys()
Out[32]:
['cats', 'dogs', 'pigs']
所有的值:
In [33]:
d.values()
Out[33]:
[4, 2, 7]
所有的键值对:
In [34]:
d.items()
Out[34]:
[('cats', 4), ('dogs', 2), ('pigs', 7)]
数组 Numpy Arrays
需要先导入需要的包,Numpy数组可以进行很多列表不能进行的运算。
In [35]:
from numpy import array a = array([1, 2, 3, 4]) a
Out[35]:
array([1, 2, 3, 4])
加法:
In [36]:
a + 2
Out[36]:
array([3, 4, 5, 6])
In [37]:
a + a
Out[37]:
array([2, 4, 6, 8])
画图 Plot
Python提供了一个很像MATLAB的绘图接口。
In [38]:
%matplotlib inline from matplotlib.pyplot import plot plot(a, a**2)
Out[38]:
[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x9fb6fd0>]
循环 Loop
In [39]:
line = '1 2 3 4 5' fields = line.split() fields
Out[39]:
['1', '2', '3', '4', '5']
In [40]:
total = 0 for field in fields: total += int(field) total
Out[40]:
15
Python中有一种叫做列表推导式(List comprehension)的用法:
In [41]:
numbers = [int(field) for field in fields] numbers
Out[41]:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
In [42]:
sum(numbers)
Out[42]:
15
写在一行:
In [43]:
sum([int(field) for field in line.split()])
Out[43]:
15
文件操作 File IO
In [44]:
cd ~
d:\Users\lijin
写文件:
In [45]:
f = open('data.txt', 'w') f.write('1 2 3 4\n') f.write('2 3 4 5\n') f.close()
读文件:
In [46]:
f = open('data.txt') data = [] for line in f: data.append([int(field) for field in line.split()]) f.close() data
Out[46]:
[[1, 2, 3, 4], [2, 3, 4, 5]]
In [47]:
for row in data: print row
[1, 2, 3, 4] [2, 3, 4, 5]
删除文件:
In [48]:
import os os.remove('data.txt')
函数 Function
Python用关键词def
来定义函数。
In [49]:
def poly(x, a, b, c): y = a * x ** 2 + b * x + c return y x = 1 poly(x, 1, 2, 3)
Out[49]:
6
用Numpy数组做参数x:
In [50]:
x = array([1, 2, 3]) poly(x, 1, 2, 3)
Out[50]:
array([ 6, 11, 18])
可以在定义时指定参数的默认值:
In [51]:
from numpy import arange def poly(x, a = 1, b = 2, c = 3): y = a*x**2 + b*x + c return y x = arange(10) x array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
Out[51]:
array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
In [52]:
poly(x)
Out[52]:
array([ 3, 6, 11, 18, 27, 38, 51, 66, 83, 102])
In [53]:
poly(x, b = 1)
Out[53]:
array([ 3, 5, 9, 15, 23, 33, 45, 59, 75, 93])
模块 Module
Python中使用import
关键词来导入模块。
In [54]:
import os
当前进程号:
In [55]:
os.getpid()
Out[55]:
4400
系统分隔符:
In [56]:
os.sep
Out[56]:
'\\'
- 类 Class
用class
来定义一个类。 Person(object)
表示继承自object
类; __init__
函数用来初始化对象; self
表示对象自身,类似于C
Java
里面this
。
In [57]:
class Person(object): def __init__(self, first, last, age): self.first = first self.last = last self.age = age def full_name(self): return self.first + ' ' + self.last
构建新对象:
In [58]:
person = Person('Mertle', 'Sedgewick', 52)
调用对象的属性:
In [59]:
person.first
Out[59]:
'Mertle'
调用对象的方法:
In [60]:
person.full_name()
Out[60]:
'Mertle Sedgewick'
修改对象的属性:
In [61]:
person.last = 'Smith'
添加新属性,d是之前定义的字典:
In [62]:
person.critters = d person.critters
Out[62]:
{'cats': 4, 'dogs': 2, 'pigs': 7}
网络数据 Data from Web
In [63]:
url = 'http://ichart.finance.yahoo.com/table.csv?s=GE&d=10&e=5&f=2013&g=d&a=0&b=2&c=1962&ignore=.csv'
处理后就相当于一个可读文件:
In [64]:
import urllib2 ge_csv = urllib2.urlopen(url) data = [] for line in ge_csv: data.append(line.split(',')) data[:4]
Out[64]:
[['Date', 'Open', 'High', 'Low', 'Close', 'Volume', 'Adj Close\n'], ['2013-11-05', '26.32', '26.52', '26.26', '26.42', '24897500', '24.872115\n'], ['2013-11-04', '26.59', '26.59', '26.309999', '26.43', '28166100', '24.88153\n'], ['2013-11-01', '26.049999', '26.639999', '26.030001', '26.540001', '55634500', '24.985086\n']]
使用pandas
处理数据:
In [65]:
ge_csv = urllib2.urlopen(url) import pandas ge = pandas.read_csv(ge_csv, index_col=0, parse_dates=True) ge.plot(y='Adj Close')
Out[65]:
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0xc2e3198>
版本:0.0.1
作者:李金
邮件:lijinwithyou@gmail.com