面向对象编程:将变量或函数变私有(在名字前加两个下划线)
继承(支持多重继承):子类 <---- 基类,父类或超类(PS:如果在子类中定义与父类同名的方法或属性,则会自动覆盖父类对应的方法或属性)
重写__init__()方法:
-调用未绑定的父类方法
-使用super 函数
组合
class Turtle:
def __init__(self,x):
self.num = x
class Fish:
def __init__(self,x):
self.num = x
class Pool:
def __init__(self,x,y):
self.turtle = Turtle(x)
self.fish = Fish(y)
def print_num(self):
print('水池里总共有乌龟%d 只,小鱼%d 条' % (self.turtle.num,self.fish.num))
绑定:Python严格要求方法需要有实例才能被调用。
一些相关的BIF: issubclass(class,classinfo) , isinstance(object,classinfo) , hasattr() , getattr() , setattr() , delattr()
构造和析构:魔法方法总是被下划线包围,总能够在适当的时候被自动调用
第一个被调用的:__new__(cls[,...])
del x !=x.__del__() (在垃圾回收机制时被触发)
属性访问:
__getattr__ (试图访问不存在的属性时), __getattribute__ (属性被访问时), __setattr__ , __delattr__
描述符:将某种特殊类型的类的实例指派给另一个类的属性(实现__get__, __set__, __delete__)
>>> class MyDecriptor:
def __get__(self,instance,owner):
print("getting...",self,instance,owner)
def __set__(self,instance,owner):
print("setting...",self,instance,owner)
def __delete__(self,instance):
print("deleting...",self,instance)
>>> class Test:
x = MyDecriptor()
>>> test = Test()
>>> test.x
实现摄氏度和华氏度之间的转换:
class Celsius:
def __init__(self,value=26.0):
self.value = float(value)
def __get__(self,instance,owner):
return self.value
def __set__(self,instance,value):
self.value = float(value)
class FaHrenheit:
def __get__(self,instance,owner):
return instance.cel*1.8+32
def __set__(self,instance,value):
instance.cel = (float(value) - 32)/1.8
class Temperature:
cel = Celsius()
fah = FaHrenheit()
定制容器:
协议:相似于其他语言中的接口,但更像是一种指南。
不可变:__len()__ , __getitem__()
class Countlist():
def __init__(self,*args):
self.values = [i for i in args]
self.count = {}.fromkeys(range(len(self.values)),0)
def __len__(self):
return len(self.values)
def __getitem__(self,key):
self.count[key]+=1
return self.values[key]
可变:加上 __setitem__() , __delitem__()
迭代器(字典,序列):iter() --> __iter__() return self 使用在容器上就可使之成为迭代器, next() --> __next__() 定义迭代规则
for循环:
>>> string = 'haala'
>>> it = iter(string)
>>> while True:
try:
each = next(it)
except StopIteration:
break
print(each)
>>> for each in string:
print(each)
>>> class Fibs:
def __init__(self,n=20):
self.a = 0
self.b = 1
self.n = n
def __iter__(self):
return self
def __next__(self):
self.a,self.b = self.b,self.a+self.b
if self.a > self.n:
raise StopIteration
return self.a
>>> fibs = Fibs()
>>> for each in fibs:
print(each)