卷积神经网络-ResNet

ResNet（Residual Network）是由Kaiming He等人在2015年提出的一个深度学习模型架构，它通过引入残差连接（Residual Connection）来解决深度神经网络训练过程中的梯度消失和梯度爆炸问题。ResNet在ImageNet图像识别挑战赛上取得了非常好的成绩，并且被广泛应用于各种计算机视觉任务。

ResNet的基本结构

ResNet的基本单元是“残差块”（Residual Block），它的结构如下：

ResNet的不同版本

ResNet有几个不同版本，如ResNet-18、ResNet-34、ResNet-50、ResNet-101和ResNet-152等，它们的主要区别在于网络的深度和参数数量。

• ResNet-18 和 ResNet-34：主要由基础的残差块组成，没有瓶颈结构。

• ResNet-50、ResNet-101 和 ResNet-152：引入了“瓶颈结构”（Bottleneck Block），在每个残差块中使用1x1、3x3和1x1的卷积层，以减少参数数量和计算复杂度。

ResNet的实现示例（使用PyTorch）

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F

# 定义基础的残差块
class BasicBlock(nn.Module):
    expansion = 1

    def __init__(self, in_planes, planes, stride=1):
        super(BasicBlock, self).__init__()
        self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(in_planes, planes, kernel_size=3, stride=stride, padding=1, bias=False)
        self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(planes)
        self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(planes, planes, kernel_size=3, stride=1, padding=1, bias=False)
        self.bn2 = nn.BatchNorm2d(planes)

        self.shortcut = nn.Sequential()
        if stride != 1 or in_planes != self.expansion * planes:
            self.shortcut = nn.Sequential(
                nn.Conv2d(in_planes, self.expansion * planes, kernel_size=1, stride=stride, bias=False),
                nn.BatchNorm2d(self.expansion * planes)
            )

    def forward(self, x):
        out = F.relu(self.bn1(self.conv1(x)))
        out = self.bn2(self.conv2(out))
        out += self.shortcut(x)
        out = F.relu(out)
        return out

# 定义ResNet
class ResNet(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, block, num_blocks, num_classes=10):
        super(ResNet, self).__init__()
        self.in_planes = 64

        self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(3, 64, kernel_size=3, stride=1, padding=1, bias=False)
        self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(64)
        self.layer1 = self._make_layer(block, 64, num_blocks[0], stride=1)
        self.layer2 = self._make_layer(block, 128, num_blocks[1], stride=2)
        self.layer3 = self._make_layer(block, 256, num_blocks[2], stride=2)
        self.layer4 = self._make_layer(block, 512, num_blocks[3], stride=2)
        self.linear = nn.Linear(512 * block.expansion, num_classes)

    def _make_layer(self, block, planes, num_blocks, stride):
        strides = [stride] + [1] * (num_blocks - 1)
        layers = []
        for stride in strides:
            layers.append(block(self.in_planes, planes, stride))
            self.in_planes = planes * block.expansion
        return nn.Sequential(*layers)

    def forward(self, x):
        out = F.relu(self.bn1(self.conv1(x)))
        out = self.layer1(out)
        out = self.layer2(out)
        out = self.layer3(out)
        out = self.layer4(out)
        out = F.avg_pool2d(out, 4)
        out = out.view(out.size(0), -1)
        out = self.linear(out)
        return out

def ResNet18():
    return ResNet(BasicBlock, [2, 2, 2, 2])

def ResNet34():
    return ResNet(BasicBlock, [3, 4, 6, 3])

def ResNet50():
    return ResNet(Bottleneck, [3, 4, 6, 3])

def ResNet101():
    return ResNet(Bottleneck, [3, 4, 23, 3])

def ResNet152():
    return ResNet(Bottleneck, [3, 8, 36, 3])

# 初始化ResNet模型
net = ResNet18()