pd.DataFrame.melt()函数

对这个函数的理解就是二维变一维，就是逆序数列

melt(self, id_vars=None, value_vars=None, var_name=None, value_name='value', col_level=None)
    
    Parameters
    ----------
    id_vars : tuple, list, or ndarray, optional
        Column(s) to use as identifier variables.
    value_vars : tuple, list, or ndarray, optional
        Column(s) to unpivot. If not specified, uses all columns that
        are not set as `id_vars`.
    var_name : scalar
        Name to use for the 'variable' column. If None it uses
        ``frame.columns.name`` or 'variable'.
    value_name : scalar, default 'value'
        Name to use for the 'value' column.
    col_level : int or str, optional
        If columns are a MultiIndex then use this level to melt.
    
    Returns
    -------
    DataFrame
        Unpivoted DataFrame.
    
    See Also
    --------
    melt
    pivot_table
    DataFrame.pivot
    Series.explode
    
    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = pd.DataFrame({'A': {0: 'a', 1: 'b', 2: 'c'},
    ...                    'B': {0: 1, 1: 3, 2: 5},
    ...                    'C': {0: 2, 1: 4, 2: 6}})
    >>> df
       A  B  C
    0  a  1  2
    1  b  3  4
    2  c  5  6
    
    >>> df.melt(id_vars=['A'], value_vars=['B'])
       A variable  value
    0  a        B      1
    1  b        B      3
    2  c        B      5
    
    >>> df.melt(id_vars=['A'], value_vars=['B', 'C'])
       A variable  value
    0  a        B      1
    1  b        B      3
    2  c        B      5
    3  a        C      2
    4  b        C      4
    5  c        C      6
    
    The names of 'variable' and 'value' columns can be customized:
    
    >>> df.melt(id_vars=['A'], value_vars=['B'],
    ...         var_name='myVarname', value_name='myValname')
       A myVarname  myValname
    0  a         B          1
    1  b         B          3
    2  c         B          5
    
    If you have multi-index columns:
    
    >>> df.columns = [list('ABC'), list('DEF')]
    >>> df
       A  B  C
       D  E  F
    0  a  1  2
    1  b  3  4
    2  c  5  6
    
    >>> df.melt(col_level=0, id_vars=['A'], value_vars=['B'])
       A variable  value
    0  a        B      1
    1  b        B      3
    2  c        B      5
    
    >>> df.melt(id_vars=[('A', 'D')], value_vars=[('B', 'E')])
      (A, D) variable_0 variable_1  value
    0      a          B          E      1
    1      b          B          E      3
    2      c          B          E      5