本文转载至:https://www.jianshu.com/p/2cd59a79ed4a
为什么要使用三级缓存
- 如今的 Android App 经常会需要网络交互,通过网络获取图片是再正常不过的事了
- 假如每次启动的时候都从网络拉取图片的话,势必会消耗很多流量。在当前的状况下,对于非wifi用户来说,流量还是很贵的,一个很耗流量的应用,其用户数量级肯定要受到影响
- 特别是,当我们想要重复浏览一些图片时,如果每一次浏览都需要通过网络获取,流量的浪费可想而知
- 所以提出三级缓存策略,通过网络、本地、内存三级缓存图片,来减少不必要的网络交互,避免浪费流量
什么是三级缓存
- 网络缓存, 不优先加载, 速度慢,浪费流量
- 本地缓存, 次优先加载, 速度快
- 内存缓存, 优先加载, 速度最快
三级缓存原理
- 首次加载 Android App 时,肯定要通过网络交互来获取图片,之后我们可以将图片保存至本地SD卡和内存中
- 之后运行 App 时,优先访问内存中的图片缓存,若内存中没有,则加载本地SD卡中的图片
- 总之,只在初次访问新内容时,才通过网络获取图片资源
具体实现及代码
1. 自定义的图片缓存工具类(MyBitmapUtils)
- 通过
new MyBitmapUtils().display(ImageView ivPic, String url)
提供给外部方法进行图片缓存的接口 - 参数含义:ivPic 用于显示图片的ImageView,url 获取图片的网络地址
/**
* 自定义的BitmapUtils,实现三级缓存
*/
public class MyBitmapUtils {
<span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> NetCacheUtils mNetCacheUtils;
<span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> LocalCacheUtils mLocalCacheUtils;
<span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> MemoryCacheUtils mMemoryCacheUtils;
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-title">MyBitmapUtils</span><span class="hljs-params">()</span></span>{
mMemoryCacheUtils=<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> MemoryCacheUtils();
mLocalCacheUtils=<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> LocalCacheUtils();
mNetCacheUtils=<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> NetCacheUtils(mLocalCacheUtils,mMemoryCacheUtils);
}
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">disPlay</span><span class="hljs-params">(ImageView ivPic, String url)</span> </span>{
ivPic.setImageResource(R.mipmap.pic_item_list_default);
Bitmap bitmap;
<span class="hljs-comment">//内存缓存</span>
bitmap=mMemoryCacheUtils.getBitmapFromMemory(url);
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (bitmap!=<span class="hljs-keyword">null</span>){
ivPic.setImageBitmap(bitmap);
System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string">"从内存获取图片啦....."</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-comment">//本地缓存</span>
bitmap = mLocalCacheUtils.getBitmapFromLocal(url);
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span>(bitmap !=<span class="hljs-keyword">null</span>){
ivPic.setImageBitmap(bitmap);
System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string">"从本地获取图片啦....."</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">//从本地获取图片后,保存至内存中</span>
mMemoryCacheUtils.setBitmapToMemory(url,bitmap);
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-comment">//网络缓存</span>
mNetCacheUtils.getBitmapFromNet(ivPic,url);
}
}
2. 网络缓存(NetCacheUtils)
- 网络缓存中主要用到了AsyncTask来进行异步数据的加载
- 简单来说,AsyncTask可以看作是一个对handler和线程池的封装,通常,AsyncTask主要用于数据简单时,handler+thread主要用于数据量多且复杂时,当然这也不是必须的,仁者见仁智者见智
- 同时,为了避免内存溢出的问题,我们可以在获取网络图片后。对其进行图片压缩
/**
* 三级缓存之网络缓存
*/
public class NetCacheUtils {
<span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> LocalCacheUtils mLocalCacheUtils;
<span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> MemoryCacheUtils mMemoryCacheUtils;
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-title">NetCacheUtils</span><span class="hljs-params">(LocalCacheUtils localCacheUtils, MemoryCacheUtils memoryCacheUtils)</span> </span>{
mLocalCacheUtils = localCacheUtils;
mMemoryCacheUtils = memoryCacheUtils;
}
<span class="hljs-comment">/**
* 从网络下载图片
* <span class="hljs-doctag">@param</span> ivPic 显示图片的imageview
* <span class="hljs-doctag">@param</span> url 下载图片的网络地址
*/</span>
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">getBitmapFromNet</span><span class="hljs-params">(ImageView ivPic, String url)</span> </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> BitmapTask().execute(ivPic, url);<span class="hljs-comment">//启动AsyncTask</span>
}
<span class="hljs-comment">/**
* AsyncTask就是对handler和线程池的封装
* 第一个泛型:参数类型
* 第二个泛型:更新进度的泛型
* 第三个泛型:onPostExecute的返回结果
*/</span>
<span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">BitmapTask</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title">AsyncTask</span><<span class="hljs-title">Object</span>, <span class="hljs-title">Void</span>, <span class="hljs-title">Bitmap</span>> </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> ImageView ivPic;
<span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> String url;
<span class="hljs-comment">/**
* 后台耗时操作,存在于子线程中
* <span class="hljs-doctag">@param</span> params
* <span class="hljs-doctag">@return</span>
*/</span>
<span class="hljs-meta">@Override</span>
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">protected</span> Bitmap <span class="hljs-title">doInBackground</span><span class="hljs-params">(Object[] params)</span> </span>{
ivPic = (ImageView) params[<span class="hljs-number">0</span>];
url = (String) params[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>];
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> downLoadBitmap(url);
}
<span class="hljs-comment">/**
* 更新进度,在主线程中
* <span class="hljs-doctag">@param</span> values
*/</span>
<span class="hljs-meta">@Override</span>
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">protected</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">onProgressUpdate</span><span class="hljs-params">(Void[] values)</span> </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">super</span>.onProgressUpdate(values);
}
<span class="hljs-comment">/**
* 耗时方法结束后执行该方法,主线程中
* <span class="hljs-doctag">@param</span> result
*/</span>
<span class="hljs-meta">@Override</span>
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">protected</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">onPostExecute</span><span class="hljs-params">(Bitmap result)</span> </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (result != <span class="hljs-keyword">null</span>) {
ivPic.setImageBitmap(result);
System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string">"从网络缓存图片啦....."</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">//从网络获取图片后,保存至本地缓存</span>
mLocalCacheUtils.setBitmapToLocal(url, result);
<span class="hljs-comment">//保存至内存中</span>
mMemoryCacheUtils.setBitmapToMemory(url, result);
}
}
}
<span class="hljs-comment">/**
* 网络下载图片
* <span class="hljs-doctag">@param</span> url
* <span class="hljs-doctag">@return</span>
*/</span>
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> Bitmap <span class="hljs-title">downLoadBitmap</span><span class="hljs-params">(String url)</span> </span>{
HttpURLConnection conn = <span class="hljs-keyword">null</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">try</span> {
conn = (HttpURLConnection) <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> URL(url).openConnection();
conn.setConnectTimeout(<span class="hljs-number">5000</span>);
conn.setReadTimeout(<span class="hljs-number">5000</span>);
conn.setRequestMethod(<span class="hljs-string">"GET"</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> responseCode = conn.getResponseCode();
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (responseCode == <span class="hljs-number">200</span>) {
<span class="hljs-comment">//图片压缩</span>
BitmapFactory.Options options = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> BitmapFactory.Options();
options.inSampleSize=<span class="hljs-number">2</span>;<span class="hljs-comment">//宽高压缩为原来的1/2</span>
options.inPreferredConfig=Bitmap.Config.ARGB_4444;
Bitmap bitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeStream(conn.getInputStream(),<span class="hljs-keyword">null</span>,options);
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> bitmap;
}
} <span class="hljs-keyword">catch</span> (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} <span class="hljs-keyword">finally</span> {
conn.disconnect();
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">null</span>;
}
}
3. 本地缓存(LocalCacheUtils)
- 在初次通过网络获取图片后,我们可以在本地SD卡中将图片保存起来
- 可以使用MD5加密图片的网络地址,来作为图片的名称保存
/**
* 三级缓存之本地缓存
*/
public class LocalCacheUtils {
<span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">final</span> String CACHE_PATH= Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory().getAbsolutePath()+<span class="hljs-string">"/WerbNews"</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">/**
* 从本地读取图片
* <span class="hljs-doctag">@param</span> url
*/</span>
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> Bitmap <span class="hljs-title">getBitmapFromLocal</span><span class="hljs-params">(String url)</span></span>{
String fileName = <span class="hljs-keyword">null</span>;<span class="hljs-comment">//把图片的url当做文件名,并进行MD5加密</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">try</span> {
fileName = MD5Encoder.encode(url);
File file=<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> File(CACHE_PATH,fileName);
Bitmap bitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeStream(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> FileInputStream(file));
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> bitmap;
} <span class="hljs-keyword">catch</span> (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">null</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-comment">/**
* 从网络获取图片后,保存至本地缓存
* <span class="hljs-doctag">@param</span> url
* <span class="hljs-doctag">@param</span> bitmap
*/</span>
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">setBitmapToLocal</span><span class="hljs-params">(String url,Bitmap bitmap)</span></span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">try</span> {
String fileName = MD5Encoder.encode(url);<span class="hljs-comment">//把图片的url当做文件名,并进行MD5加密</span>
File file=<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> File(CACHE_PATH,fileName);
<span class="hljs-comment">//通过得到文件的父文件,判断父文件是否存在</span>
File parentFile = file.getParentFile();
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (!parentFile.exists()){
parentFile.mkdirs();
}
<span class="hljs-comment">//把图片保存至本地</span>
bitmap.compress(Bitmap.CompressFormat.JPEG,<span class="hljs-number">100</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> FileOutputStream(file));
} <span class="hljs-keyword">catch</span> (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
4. 内存缓存(MemoryCacheUtils)
- 这是本文中最重要且需要重点介绍的部分
- 进行内存缓存,就一定要注意一个问题,那就是内存溢出(OutOfMemory)
- 为什么会造成内存溢出?
Android 虚拟机默认分配给每个App 16M的内存空间,真机会比16M大,但任会出现内存溢出的情况
Android 系统在加载图片时是解析每一个像素的信息,再把每一个像素全部保存至内存中
-
图片大小 = 图片的总像素 * 每个像素占用的大小
单色图:每个像素占用1/8个字节,16色图:每个像素占用1/2个字节,256色图:每个像素占用1个字节,24位图:每个像素占用3个字节(常见的rgb构成的图片)
例如一张1920x1080的JPG图片,在Android 系统中是以ARGB格式解析的,即一个像素需占用4个字节,图片的大小=1920x1080x4=7M
- 实现方法:
- 通过
HashMap<String,Bitmap>
键值对的方式保存图片,key为地址,value为图片对象,但因是强引用对象,很容易造成内存溢出,可以尝试SoftReference软引用对象 - 通过
HashMap<String, SoftReference<Bitmap>>
SoftReference 为软引用对象(GC垃圾回收会自动回收软引用对象),但在Android2.3+后,系统会优先考虑回收弱引用对象,官方提出使用LruCache - 通过
LruCache<String,Bitmap>
least recentlly use 最少最近使用算法
会将内存控制在一定的大小内, 超出最大值时会自动回收, 这个最大值开发者自己定
- 通过
/**
* 三级缓存之内存缓存
*/
public class MemoryCacheUtils {
<span class="hljs-comment">// private HashMap<String,Bitmap> mMemoryCache=new HashMap<>();//1.因为强引用,容易造成内存溢出,所以考虑使用下面弱引用的方法</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// private HashMap<String, SoftReference<Bitmap>> mMemoryCache = new HashMap<>();//2.因为在Android2.3+后,系统会优先考虑回收弱引用对象,官方提出使用LruCache</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">private</span> LruCache<String,Bitmap> mMemoryCache;
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-title">MemoryCacheUtils</span><span class="hljs-params">()</span></span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">long</span> maxMemory = Runtime.getRuntime().maxMemory()/<span class="hljs-number">8</span>;<span class="hljs-comment">//得到手机最大允许内存的1/8,即超过指定内存,则开始回收</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//需要传入允许的内存最大值,虚拟机默认内存16M,真机不一定相同</span>
mMemoryCache=<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> LruCache<String,Bitmap>((<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span>) maxMemory){
<span class="hljs-comment">//用于计算每个条目的大小</span>
<span class="hljs-meta">@Override</span>
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">protected</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> <span class="hljs-title">sizeOf</span><span class="hljs-params">(String key, Bitmap value)</span> </span>{
<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> byteCount = value.getByteCount();
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> byteCount;
}
};
}
<span class="hljs-comment">/**
* 从内存中读图片
* <span class="hljs-doctag">@param</span> url
*/</span>
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> Bitmap <span class="hljs-title">getBitmapFromMemory</span><span class="hljs-params">(String url)</span> </span>{
<span class="hljs-comment">//Bitmap bitmap = mMemoryCache.get(url);//1.强引用方法</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">/*2.弱引用方法
SoftReference<Bitmap> bitmapSoftReference = mMemoryCache.get(url);
if (bitmapSoftReference != null) {
Bitmap bitmap = bitmapSoftReference.get();
return bitmap;
}
*/</span>
Bitmap bitmap = mMemoryCache.get(url);
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> bitmap;
}
<span class="hljs-comment">/**
* 往内存中写图片
* <span class="hljs-doctag">@param</span> url
* <span class="hljs-doctag">@param</span> bitmap
*/</span>
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">setBitmapToMemory</span><span class="hljs-params">(String url, Bitmap bitmap)</span> </span>{
<span class="hljs-comment">//mMemoryCache.put(url, bitmap);//1.强引用方法</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">/*2.弱引用方法
mMemoryCache.put(url, new SoftReference<>(bitmap));
*/</span>
mMemoryCache.put(url,bitmap);
}
}
</div>
</div>
</div>