python3实现抓取网页资源的 N 种方法

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• 这两天学习了python3实现抓取网页资源的方法，发现了很多种方法，所以，今天添加一点小笔记。

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1、最简单

import urllib.request
response = urllib.request.urlopen(‘http://python.org/‘)
html = response.read()

2、使用 Request

import urllib.request

req = urllib.request.Request(‘http://python.org/‘)
response = urllib.request.urlopen(req)
the_page = response.read()

3、发送数据

! /usr/bin/env python3

import urllib.parse
import urllib.request

url = ‘http://localhost/login.php’
user_agent = ‘Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)’
values = {
‘act’ : ‘login’,
‘login[email]’ : ‘yzhang@i9i8.com’,
‘login[password]’ : ‘123456’
}

data = urllib.parse.urlencode(values)
req = urllib.request.Request(url, data)
req.add_header(‘Referer’, ‘http://www.python.org/‘)
response = urllib.request.urlopen(req)
the_page = response.read()

print(the_page.decode(“utf8”))

4、发送数据和header

! /usr/bin/env python3

import urllib.parse
import urllib.request

url = ‘http://localhost/login.php’
user_agent = ‘Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)’
values = {
‘act’ : ‘login’,
‘login[email]’ : ‘yzhang@i9i8.com’,
‘login[password]’ : ‘123456’
}
headers = { ‘User-Agent’ : user_agent }

data = urllib.parse.urlencode(values)
req = urllib.request.Request(url, data, headers)
response = urllib.request.urlopen(req)
the_page = response.read()

print(the_page.decode(“utf8”))

5、http 错误

! /usr/bin/env python3

import urllib.request

req = urllib.request.Request(‘http://www.python.org/fish.html‘)
try:
urllib.request.urlopen(req)
except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
print(e.code)
print(e.read().decode(“utf8”))

6、异常处理1

! /usr/bin/env python3

from urllib.request import Request, urlopen
from urllib.error import URLError, HTTPError
req = Request(“http://twitter.com/“)
try:
response = urlopen(req)
except HTTPError as e:
print(‘The server couldn\’t fulfill the request.’)
print(‘Error code: ‘, e.code)
except URLError as e:
print(‘We failed to reach a server.’)
print(‘Reason: ‘, e.reason)
else:
print(“good!”)
print(response.read().decode(“utf8”))

7、异常处理2

! /usr/bin/env python3

from urllib.request import Request, urlopen
from urllib.error import URLError
req = Request(“http://twitter.com/“)
try:
response = urlopen(req)
except URLError as e:
if hasattr(e, ‘reason’):
print(‘We failed to reach a server.’)
print(‘Reason: ‘, e.reason)
elif hasattr(e, ‘code’):
print(‘The server couldn\’t fulfill the request.’)
print(‘Error code: ‘, e.code)
else:
print(“good!”)
print(response.read().decode(“utf8”))

8、HTTP 认证

! /usr/bin/env python3

import urllib.request

create a password manager

password_mgr = urllib.request.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm()

Add the username and password. # If we knew the realm, we could use it instead of None.

top_level_url = “https://cms.tetx.com/”
password_mgr.add_password(None, top_level_url, ‘yzhang’, ‘cccddd’)

handler = urllib.request.HTTPBasicAuthHandler(password_mgr)

create “opener” (OpenerDirector instance)

opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler)

use the opener to fetch a URL

a_url = “https://cms.tetx.com/”
x = opener.open(a_url)
print(x.read())

Install the opener. # Now all calls to urllib.request.urlopen use our opener.

urllib.request.install_opener(opener)

a = urllib.request.urlopen(a_url).read().decode(‘utf8’)
print(a)

9、使用代理

! /usr/bin/env python3

import urllib.request

proxy_support = urllib.request.ProxyHandler({‘sock5’: ‘localhost:1080’})
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(proxy_support)
urllib.request.install_opener(opener)

a = urllib.request.urlopen(“http://g.cn“).read().decode(“utf8”)
print(a)

10、超时

! /usr/bin/env python3

import socket
import urllib.request

timeout in seconds

timeout = 2
socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout)

this call to urllib.request.urlopen now uses the default timeout # we have set in the socket module

req = urllib.request.Request(‘http://twitter.com/‘)
a = urllib.request.urlopen(req).read()
print(a)

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