Python logging模块
本文转载自python logging模块
1.logging模块简介
logging模块是Python内置的标准模块,主要用于输出运行日志,可以设置输出日志的等级、日志保存路径、日志文件回滚等;相比print,具备以下优点:
- 可以通过设置不同的日志等级,在 release 版本中只输出重要信息,而不必显示大量的调试信息;
- print 将所有信息都输出到标准输出中,严重影响开发者从标准输出中查看其它数据;logging则可以由开发者决定将信息输出到什么地方,以及怎么输出;
2.logging模块的使用
2.1基本使用
配置logging基本的设置,然后在控制台输出日志。
import logging
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO,
format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
logger.info('Start print log')
logger.debug('Do something')
logger.warning('Something maybe fail.')
logger.info('Finish')
运行后,控制台输出:
2019-06-18 18:36:35,254 - __main__ - INFO - Start print log
2019-06-18 18:36:35,254 - __main__ - WARNING - Something maybe fail.
2019-06-18 18:36:35,254 - __main__ - INFO - Finish
logging中可以选择很多消息级别,如debug、info、warning、error以及critical。通过赋予logger或者handler不同的级别,开发者就可以只输出错误信息到特定的记录文件,或者在调试时只记录调试信息。
例如,我们将logger的级别改为DEBUG,再观察一下输出结果:
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG,
format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
控制台输出,可以发现,输出了debug的信息。
2019-06-18 18:40:30,910 - __main__ - INFO - Start print log
2019-06-18 18:40:30,910 - __main__ - DEBUG - Do something
2019-06-18 18:40:30,910 - __main__ - WARNING - Something maybe fail.
2019-06-18 18:40:30,910 - __main__ - INFO - Finish
Logging.basicConfig函数各参数:
filename:指定日志文件名;
filemode: 和file函数意义相同,指定日志文件的打开模式,‘w’或者’a’
format: 指定输出的格式和内容,format可以输出很多有用的信息:
参数:作用
%(levelno)s:打印日志级别的数值
%(levelname)s:打印日志级别的名称
%(pathname)s:打印当前执行程序的路径,其实就是sys.argv[0]
%(filename)s:打印当前执行程序名
%(funcName)s:打印日志的当前函数
%(lineno)d:打印日志的当前行号
%(asctime)s:打印日志的时间
%(thread)d:打印线程ID
%(threadName)s:打印线程名称
%(process)d:打印进程ID
%(message)s:打印日志信息
datefmt:指定时间格式,同time.strftime();
level: 设置日志级别,默认为logging.WARNNING;
stream:指定将日志的输出流,可以指定输出到sys.stderr,sys.stdout或者文件,默认输出到sys.stderr,当stream和filename同时指定时,stream被忽略;
2.2将日志写入到文件
2.2.1将日志写入到文件
设置logging,创建一个FileHandler,并对输出消息的格式进行设置,将其添加到logger,然后将日志写入到指定的文件中:
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
logger.setLevel(level=logging.INFO)
handler = logging.FileHandler('log.txt')
handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
handler.setFormatter(formatter)
logger.addHandler(handler)
logger.info('Start print log')
logger.debug('Do something')
logger.warning('Something maybe fail.')
logger.info('Finish')
log.txt中日志数据为:
2019-06-18 18:57:41,922 - __main__ - INFO - Start print log
2019-06-18 18:57:41,922 - __main__ - WARNING - Something maybe fail.
2019-06-18 18:57:41,922 - __main__ - INFO - Finish
2.2.2将日志同时输出到屏幕和日志文件
logger中添加StreamHandler,可以将日志输出到屏幕上:
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
logger.setLevel(level=logging.INFO)
handler = logging.FileHandler('log.txt')
handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
handler.setFormatter(formatter)
console = logging.StreamHandler()
console.setLevel(logging.INFO)
logger.addHandler(handler)
logger.addHandler(console)
logger.info('Start print log')
logger.debug('Do something')
logger.warning('Something maybe fail.')
logger.info('Finish')
可以在控制台中看到:
Start print log
Something maybe fail.
Finish
可以再log.txt文件中看到:
2019-06-18 19:05:45,252 - __main__ - INFO - Start print log
2019-06-18 19:05:45,252 - __main__ - WARNING - Something maybe fail.
2019-06-18 19:05:45,253 - __main__ - INFO - Finish
可以发现,logging有一个日志处理的主对象,其他处理方式都是通过addHandler添加进去,logging中包含的handler主要有如下几种:
handler名称:位置;作用
StreamHandler:logging.StreamHandler;日志输出到流,可以是sys.stderr,sys.stdout或者文件
FileHandler:logging.FileHandler;日志输出到文件
BaseRotatingHandler:logging.handlers.BaseRotatingHandler;基本的日志回滚方式
RotatingHandler:logging.handlers.RotatingHandler;日志回滚方式,支持日志文件最大数量和日志文件回滚
TimeRotatingHandler:logging.handlers.TimeRotatingHandler;日志回滚方式,在一定时间区域内回滚日志文件
SocketHandler:logging.handlers.SocketHandler;远程输出日志到TCP/IP sockets
DatagramHandler:logging.handlers.DatagramHandler;远程输出日志到UDP sockets
SMTPHandler:logging.handlers.SMTPHandler;远程输出日志到邮件地址
SysLogHandler:logging.handlers.SysLogHandler;日志输出到syslog
NTEventLogHandler:logging.handlers.NTEventLogHandler;远程输出日志到Windows NT/2000/XP的事件日志
MemoryHandler:logging.handlers.MemoryHandler;日志输出到内存中的指定buffer
HTTPHandler:logging.handlers.HTTPHandler;通过"GET"或者"POST"远程输出到HTTP服务器
2.2.3 日志回滚
使用RotatingFileHandler,可以实现日志回滚:
from logging.handlers import RotatingFileHandler
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
logger.setLevel(level=logging.INFO)
# 定义一个RotatingFileHandler,最多备份3个日志文件,每个日志文件最大1k
rHandler = RotatingFileHandler('log.txt', maxBytes=1*1024, backupCount=3)
rHandler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
rHandler.setFormatter(formatter)
console = logging.StreamHandler()
console.setLevel(logging.INFO)
console.setFormatter(formatter)
logger.addHandler(rHandler)
logger.addHandler(console)
logger.info('Start print log')
logger.debug('Do something')
logger.warning('Something maybe fail.')
logger.info('Finish')
可以在工程目录中看到,备份的日志文件:
TODO
2.3 设置消息的等级
可以设置不同的日志等级,用于控制日志的输出:
日志等级:使用范围
FATAL:致命错误
CRITICAL:特别糟糕的事情,如内存耗尽、磁盘空间为空,一般很少使用
ERROR:发生错误时,如IO操作失败或者连接问题
WARNING:发生很重要的事件,但是并不是错误时,如用户登录密码错误
INFO:处理请求或者状态变化等日常事务
DEBUG:调试过程中使用DEBUG等级,如算法中每个循环的中间状态
2.4 捕获traceback
Python中的traceback模块被用于跟踪异常返回信息,可以在logging中记录下traceback:
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
logger.setLevel(level=logging.INFO)
handler = logging.FileHandler('log.txt')
handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
handler.setFormatter(formatter)
console = logging.StreamHandler()
console.setLevel(logging.INFO)
logger.addHandler(handler)
logger.addHandler(console)
logger.info('Start print log')
logger.debug('Do something')
logger.warning('Something maybe fail.')
try:
open('sklearn.txt', 'rb')
except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
raise
except Exception:
logger.error('Faild to open sklearn.txt from logger.error',exc_info=True)
logger.info('Finish')
控制台和日志文件log.txt中输出:
2019-06-18 19:29:17,311 - __main__ - INFO - Start print log
2019-06-18 19:29:17,312 - __main__ - WARNING - Something maybe fail.
2019-06-18 19:29:17,312 - __main__ - ERROR - Faild to open sklearn.txt from logger.error
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Users/edz/Documents/myPro/my_study/python_library/py_logging.py", line 100, in <module>
open('sklearn.txt', 'rb')
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'sklearn.txt'
2019-06-18 19:29:17,314 - __main__ - INFO - Finish
也可以使用logger.exception(msg, _args),它等价于logger.error(msg, exc_info = True, _args),
将:
logger.error('Failed to open sklearn.txt from logger.error', exc_info = True)
替换为:
logger.exception('Failed to open sklearn.txt from logger.exception')
控制台和日志文件log.txt中输出:
Start print log
Something maybe fail.
Faild to open sklearn.txt from logger.error
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Users/edz/Documents/myPro/my_study/python_library/py_logging.py", line 100, in <module>
open('sklearn.txt', 'rb')
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'sklearn.txt'
Finish
2.5多模块使用logging
import logging
from python_library import subModule
logger = logging.getLogger("mainModule")
logger.setLevel(level = logging.INFO)
handler = logging.FileHandler("log.txt")
handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
handler.setFormatter(formatter)
console = logging.StreamHandler()
console.setLevel(logging.INFO)
console.setFormatter(formatter)
logger.addHandler(handler)
logger.addHandler(console)
logger.info("creating an instance of subModule.subModuleClass")
a = subModule.SubModuleClass()
logger.info("calling subModule.subModuleClass.doSomething")
a.doSomething()
logger.info("done with subModule.subModuleClass.doSomething")
logger.info("calling subModule.some_function")
subModule.some_function()
logger.info("done with subModule.some_function")
import logging
module_logger = logging.getLogger("mainModule.sub")
class SubModuleClass(object):
def __init__(self):
self.logger = logging.getLogger("mainModule.sub.module")
self.logger.info("creating an instance in SubModuleClass")
def doSomething(self):
self.logger.info("do something in SubModule")
a = []
a.append(1)
self.logger.debug("list a = " + str(a))
self.logger.info("finish something in SubModuleClass")
def some_function():
module_logger.info("call function some_function")
执行之后,在控制台和日志文件log.txt中输出:
2019-06-18 20:18:51,299 - mainModule - INFO - creating an instance of subModule.subModuleClass
2019-06-18 20:18:51,299 - mainModule.sub.module - INFO - creating an instance in SubModuleClass
2019-06-18 20:18:51,299 - mainModule - INFO - calling subModule.subModuleClass.doSomething
2019-06-18 20:18:51,299 - mainModule.sub.module - INFO - do something in SubModule
2019-06-18 20:18:51,299 - mainModule.sub.module - INFO - finish something in SubModuleClass
2019-06-18 20:18:51,300 - mainModule - INFO - done with subModule.subModuleClass.doSomething
2019-06-18 20:18:51,300 - mainModule - INFO - calling subModule.some_function
2019-06-18 20:18:51,300 - mainModule.sub - INFO - call function some_function
2019-06-18 20:18:51,300 - mainModule - INFO - done with subModule.some_function
首先在主模块定义了logger’mainModule’,并对它进行了配置,就可以在解释器进程里面的其他地方通过getLogger(‘mainModule’)得到的对象都是一样的,不需要重新配置,可以直接使用。定义的该logger的子logger,都可以共享父logger的定义和配置,所谓的父子logger是通过命名来识别,任意以’mainModule’开头的logger都是它的子logger,例如’mainModule.sub’。
实际开发一个application,首先可以通过logging配置文件编写好这个application所对应的配置,可以生成一个根logger,如’PythonAPP’,然后在主函数中通过fileConfig加载logging配置,接着在application的其他地方、不同的模块中,可以使用根logger的子logger,如’PythonAPP.Core’,'PythonAPP.Web’来进行log,而不需要反复的定义和配置各个模块的logger。
3.通过JSON或者YAML文件配置logging模块
尽管可以在Python代码中配置logging,但是这样并不够灵活,最好的方法是使用一个配置文件来配置。
在python 2.7及以后的版本中,可以从字典中加载logging配置,也就意味着可以通过JSON或者YAML文件加载日志的配置。
3.1 通过JSON文件配置
JSON配置文件:
{
"version":1,
"disable_existing_loggers":false,
"formatters":{
"simple":{
"format":"%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s"
}
},
"handlers":{
"console":{
"class":"logging.StreamHandler",
"level":"DEBUG",
"formatter":"simple",
"stream":"ext://sys.stdout"
},
"info_file_handler":{
"class":"logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler",
"level":"INFO",
"formatter":"simple",
"filename":"info.log",
"maxBytes":"10485760",
"backupCount":20,
"encoding":"utf8"
},
"error_file_handler":{
"class":"logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler",
"level":"ERROR",
"formatter":"simple",
"filename":"errors.log",
"maxBytes":10485760,
"backupCount":20,
"encoding":"utf8"
}
},
"loggers":{
"my_module":{
"level":"ERROR",
"handlers":["info_file_handler"],
"propagate":"no"
}
},
"root":{
"level":"INFO",
"handlers":["console","info_file_handler","error_file_handler"]
}
}
通过JSON加载配置文件,然后通过logging.dictConfig配置logging。
import json
import logging.config
import os
def setup_logging(default_path = "logging.json",default_level = logging.INFO,env_key = "LOG_CFG"):
path = default_path
value = os.getenv(env_key,None)
if value:
path = value
if os.path.exists(path):
with open(path,"r") as f:
config = json.load(f)
logging.config.dictConfig(config)
else:
logging.basicConfig(level = default_level)
def func():
logging.info("start func")
logging.info("exec func")
logging.info("end func")
if __name__ == "__main__":
setup_logging(default_path = "logging.json")
func()
3.2 通过YAML文件配置
通过YAML文件进行配置,比JSON看起来更加简洁明了:
version: 1
disable_existing_loggers: False
formatters:
simple:
format: "%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s"
handlers:
console:
class: logging.StreamHandler
level: DEBUG
formatter: simple
stream: ext://sys.stdout
info_file_handler:
class: logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler
level: INFO
formatter: simple
filename: info.log
maxBytes: 10485760
backupCount: 20
encoding: utf8
error_file_handler:
class: logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler
level: ERROR
formatter: simple
filename: errors.log
maxBytes: 10485760
backupCount: 20
encoding: utf8
loggers:
my_module:
level: ERROR
handlers: [info_file_handler]
propagate: no
root:
level: INFO
handlers: [console,info_file_handler,error_file_handler]
通过YAML加载配置文件,然后通过logging.dictConfig配置logging:
import yaml
import logging.config
import os
def setup_logging(default_path = "logging.yaml",default_level = logging.INFO,env_key = "LOG_CFG"):
path = default_path
value = os.getenv(env_key,None)
if value:
path = value
if os.path.exists(path):
with open(path,"r") as f:
config = yaml.load(f)
logging.config.dictConfig(config)
else:
logging.basicConfig(level = default_level)
def func():
logging.info("start func")
logging.info("exec func")
logging.info("end func")
if __name__ == "__main__":
setup_logging(default_path = "logging.yaml")
func()
本文转载自python logging模块