Node.js 事件循环，定时器和 process.nextTick()

官方guide的细节汇总：
https://nodejs.org/en/docs/guides/event-loop-timers-and-nexttick/

每个阶段都有一个 FIFO 队列来执行回调。虽然每个阶段都是特殊的，但通常情况下，当事件循环进入给定的阶段时，它将执行特定于该阶段的任何操作，然后执行该阶段队列中的回调，直到队列用尽或最大回调数已执行。当该队列已用尽或达到回调限制，事件循环将移动到下一阶段，等等。

由于这些操作中的任何一个都可能调度 更多的 操作和由内核排列在轮询阶段被处理的新事件， 且在处理轮询中的事件时，轮询事件可以排队。因此，长时间运行的回调可以允许轮询阶段运行长于计时器的阈值时间。有关详细信息，请参阅 计时器 和 轮询 部分。

setImmediate() 对比 setTimeout()

process.nextTick()

You may have noticed that process.nextTick() was not displayed in the diagram, even though it’s a part of the asynchronous API. This is because process.nextTick() is not technically part of the event loop. Instead, the nextTickQueue will be processed after the current operation is completed, regardless of the current phase of the event loop. Here, an operation is defined as a transition from the underlying C/C++ handler, and handling the JavaScript that needs to be executed.
Looking back at our diagram, any time you call process.nextTick() in a given phase, all callbacks passed to process.nextTick() will be resolved before the event loop continues. This can create some bad situations because it allows you to “starve” your I/O by making recursive process.nextTick() calls, which prevents the event loop from reaching the poll phase.

process.nextTick() 对比 setImmediate()

We recommend developers use setImmediate() in all cases because it’s easier to reason about.

Why use process.nextTick()?

const EventEmitter = require('events');
const util = require('util');

function MyEmitter() {
  EventEmitter.call(this);

  // use nextTick to emit the event once a handler is assigned
  process.nextTick(() => {
    this.emit('event');
  });
}
util.inherits(MyEmitter, EventEmitter);

const myEmitter = new MyEmitter();
myEmitter.on('event', () => {
  console.log('an event occurred!');
});