1.本地存储设备的识别
fdisk -l ##真实存在的设备
cat /proc/partition ##系统识别的设备
blkid ##系统可使用的设备
df ##系统正在挂载的设备
2.设备的挂载和卸载
1.设备名称
/dev/xdx ##/dev/hd0 /dev/hd1 /dev/sda /dev/sdb /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1
/dev/sr0 ##光驱
/dev/mapper/* ##虚拟设备
2.设备的挂载
mount 设备 \挂载点
mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt ##挂载sdb1到/mnt
umount /mnt| /dev/sdb1 ##卸载
mount -o ro /dev/sdb1 /mnt ##只读挂载
mount ##查看挂载信息
mount -o remount,rw /dev/sdb1 | /mnt ##重新读写挂载
3.解决设备正忙情况
[root@foundation80 ~]# umount /mnt/
umount: /mnt:target is basy. ##有程序在使用本设备
(In some cases useful info about processes that use
the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1))
解决方法1.
fuser -kvm /mnt ##停止占用设备的进程
umount /mnt
占用设备的进程被杀掉
解决方法2
lsof /mnt/ ##查询占用设备的进程
kill -9 PID ##关闭进程
umount /mnt ##卸载
示例：
[root@foundation80 ~]# umount /mnt/
umount: /mnt: target is busy.
(In some cases useful info about processes that use
the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1))
[root@foundation80 ~]# lsof /mnt/
lsof: WARNING: can't stat() fuse.gvfsd-fuse file system /run/user/1002/gvfs
Output information may be incomplete.
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
bash 12100 root cwd DIR 8,17 32768 1 /mnt
[root@foundation80 ~]# kill -9 12100
[root@foundation80 ~]# umount /mnt/
3.磁盘分区
1.硬盘0磁道1扇区的512个字节中记录的信息如下
512=446 + 64 + 2
^ ^ ^
mbr(主引导记录) mpt（主分区标） 55aa（硬盘的有效性标示）
硬盘分区标
64
1个分区占用16个字节
1块硬盘上最多可以划分4个主分区
4.分区步骤
1.fdisk -l
2.fdisk /dev/vdb
m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition ##删除
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition ##新建
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table ##显示分区信息
q quit without saving changes ##退出
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id ##修改分区id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit ##保存分区标信息到硬盘
x extra functionality (experts only)
3.建立主分区
Command (m for help): n ##新建
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p ##主分区
Partition number (1-4, default 1): ##id默认
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048): ##分区起始
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +100M ##分区大小
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): p ##显示信息
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x39edd6be
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
Command (m for help): wq ##保存退出
The partition table has been altered!
4.当系统已经有三个主分区时
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)
e extended
Select (default e): e ##3个主分区出现要先划分扩展分区
Selected partition 4
First sector (616448-20971519, default 616448):
Using default value 616448
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (616448-20971519, default 20971519): ##默认将所有剩余空间划给扩展分区
Using default value 20971519
Partition 4 of type Extended and of size 9.7 GiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x39edd6be
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended ##默认所有空间给e
5.给设备安装文件系统
ext3 rhel5及之前版本 最多支持32T的文件系统和2T文件，实际上2tb文件系统，16G文件
ext4 rehl6 1EB 16TB
xfs rhel7 18EB 9eb 7G/s 4G/s
mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1 ##格式化
[root@serve_ssh ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1
meta-data=/dev/vdb1 isize=256 agcount=4, agsize=12800 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=51200, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=0
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=853, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
mount /dev/vdb1 /mnt ##挂载
vim /etc/fstab
设备 挂载点 文件系统 挂载参数 是否备份 是否检测
/dev/vdb1 /mnt xfs defaults 0 0
mount -a ##检测书写是否正确
不出现任何信息则书写正确
6.swap分区管理
1.swap分区建立
划分分区并设定分区标签
mkswap /dev/vdb6 ##格式化/dev/vdb6, 无法格式化使用partprobe更新分区表
swapon -a /dev/vdb6 ##设定swap分区
swapon -s ##查看swap分区
vim /etc/fstab ##设定开机自动挂载swap
/dev/vdb6 swap swap defaults 0 0
2.swap分区删除
vim /etc/fstab ##在文件中删除
swapoff /dev/vdb6 ##设定不使用此分区
swapon -s ##查询
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/fstab
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/vdb6 partition 1048572 0 -1
[root@localhost ~]# swapoff /dev/vdb6
[root@localhost ~]# swapon -s
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/vda: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x00013f3e
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vda1 * 2048 20970332 10484142+ 83 Linux
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x39edd6be
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended
/dev/vdb5 618496 1642495 512000 83 Linux
/dev/vdb6 1644544 3741695 1048576 82 Linux swap / Solaris
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-6, default 6): 6
Partition 6 is deleted
Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# partprobe ##同步分区表
7.配额
配额是针对设备分区的
1.格式化分区(格式化后成为系统可使用设备，可以用blkid查询)
mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb5
2.激活配额的挂载
mount -o usrquota,grpquota /dev/vdb5 /pub/
3.给挂载的文件权限（必须先挂载再给权限）
chmod 1777 /pub/
ls -ld /pub/ ##查询权限
4.给student配额
edquota -u student /dev/vdb5
Disk quotas for user student (uid 1000):
Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard
/dev/vdb5 0 0 20480 0 0 0
已有大小 软限（警告）硬限(禁止写入)文件个数 软限 硬限
student用户配额为20M，写入文件大于20M时禁止写入，文件个数不做限制。
5.设定开机自动限额
vim /etc/fstab
9 UUID=9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1 / xfs defaults 1 1
10 /dev/vdb5 /pub xfs defaults,usrquota 0 0
测试：
[root@localhost ~]# su - student ##切换student用户
Last login: Tue Jan 22 01:34:00 EST 2019 on pts/0
[student@localhost ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/pub/studentfile bs=1M count=15 ##占用15M内存
15+0 records in ##成功
15+0 records out
15728640 bytes (16 MB) copied, 0.0428315 s, 367 MB/s
[student@localhost ~]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/pub/studentfile bs=1M count=22 ##占用22M内存
dd: error writing ‘/pub/studentfile’: Disk quota exceeded ##出现错误
21+0 records in
20+0 records out
20971520 bytes (21 MB) copied, 0.0247407 s, 848 MB/s
8.磁盘加密
1.加密
cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/vdb8 ##加密,使用命令后要使用大写的YES确定。
注意：密码必须有英文和字母，且必须多与8位！
cryptsetup open /dev/vdb5 westos ##解密使设备可用
mkfs.xfs /dev/mapper/westos ##格式化
mount /dev/mapper/westos /mnt/ ##挂载
touch /mnt/file{1..10} ##创建文件
umount /mnt/ ##卸载
cryptsetup close westos ##锁上,至此磁盘加密完成，磁盘内文件没有密码无法查看。
cryptsetup open /dev/vdb8 hahaha ##解密
mount /dev/mapper/westos /mnt/ ##挂载
解密后重新挂载即可查看加密磁盘文件
2.加密磁盘开机自动挂载
vim /etc/fstab
/dev/mapper/hahaha /mnt xfs defaults 0 0
vim /etc/crypttab
hahaha /dev/vdb8 /root/hahahakey
vim /root/westoskey
westos2019
cryptsetup luksAddKey /dev/vdb8 /root/westoskey
测试：
重启后再次查看
挂载成功。
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