多把锁
一间大屋子有两个功能:睡觉、学习,互不相干。
如果只用一把锁,那么并发度很低,解决办法是准备多个房间(多个对象锁)
class BigRoom {
public void sleep() throws InterruptedException {
synchronized (this) {
System.out.println("sleeping 2 hour");
Thread.sleep(2000);
}
}
public void study() throws InterruptedException {
synchronized (this) {
System.out.println("sleeping 1 hour");
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
}
}
改进
private final Object studyRoom = new Object();
private final Object bedRoom = new Object();
public void sleep() throws InterruptedException {
synchronized (bedRoom) {
System.out.println("sleeping 2 hour");
Thread.sleep(2000);
}
}
public void study() throws InterruptedException {
synchronized (studyRoom) {
System.out.println("sleeping 1 hour");
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
}
将锁的粒度细分
- 好处,是可以增强并发度
- 坏处,如果一个线程需要同时获得多把锁,就容易发生死锁
哲学家就餐问题
有五位哲学家,围坐在圆桌旁。
- 他们只做两件事,思考和吃饭,思考一会吃口饭,吃完饭后接着思考。
- 吃饭时要用两根筷子吃,桌上共有 5 根筷子,每位哲学家左右手边各有一根筷子。
- 如果筷子被身边的人拿着,自己就得等待
筷子类
class Chopstick {
private String name;
public Chopstick(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
哲学家类
class Philosopher extends Thread {
private final Chopstick left;
private final Chopstick right;
private String name = "";
public Philosopher(String name, Chopstick left, Chopstick right) {
super(name);
this.left = left;
this.right = right;
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public void run() {
while (true) {
// 尝试获得左手筷子
synchronized (left) {
// 尝试获得右手筷子
synchronized (right) {
try {
eat(name);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
// 释放右手筷子
}
// 释放左手筷子
}
}
private void eat(String name) throws InterruptedException {
System.out.println(name + " eating...");
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
}
就餐
public static void main(String[] args) {
Chopstick c1 = new Chopstick("c1");
Chopstick c2 = new Chopstick("c2");
Chopstick c3 = new Chopstick("c3");
Chopstick c4 = new Chopstick("c4");
Chopstick c5 = new Chopstick("c5");
new Philosopher("苏格拉底", c1, c2).start();
new Philosopher("柏拉图", c2, c3).start();
new Philosopher("亚力士多德", c3, c4).start();
new Philosopher("赫拉克里特", c4, c5).start();
new Philosopher("阿基米德", c5, c1).start();
}
结果:
// 卡在这里
苏格拉底 eating...
亚力士多德 eating...
苏格拉底 eating...
亚力士多德 eating...
这种线程没有按预期结束,执行不下去的情况,归类为【活锁】问题,除了死锁外,还有活锁和饥饿两种情况
活锁
活锁出现在两个线程互相改变对方的结束条件,最后谁也无法结束
static volatile int count = 10;
static final Object lock = new Object();
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Thread(() -> {
while (count < 20) {
try {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
count++;
System.out.println("count " + count);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}, "t2").start();
new Thread(() -> {
while (count > 0) {
try {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
count--;
System.out.println("count: " + count);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}, "t3").start();
}
饥饿
一个线程由于优先级太低,始终得不到 CPU 调度执行,也不能够结束