多表查询
distinct(去除重复记录)
//去除前
mysql> select job from emp;
+-----------+
| job |
+-----------+
| CLERK |
| SALESMAN |
| SALESMAN |
| MANAGER |
| SALESMAN |
| MANAGER |
| MANAGER |
| ANALYST |
| PRESIDENT |
| SALESMAN |
| CLERK |
| CLERK |
| ANALYST |
| CLERK |
+-----------+
14 rows in set (0.03 sec)
//去除后
mysql> select distinct job from emp;
+-----------+
| job |
+-----------+
| CLERK |
| SALESMAN |
| MANAGER |
| ANALYST |
| PRESIDENT |
+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.03 sec)
distinct只能出现在所有字段最前方
//错误写法
mysql> select ename,distinct job from emp;
//正确写法,去除job和deptno都相等的重复数据
mysql> select distinct job,deptno from emp;
+-----------+--------+
| job | deptno |
+-----------+--------+
| CLERK | 20 |
| SALESMAN | 30 |
| MANAGER | 20 |
| MANAGER | 30 |
| MANAGER | 10 |
| ANALYST | 20 |
| PRESIDENT | 10 |
| CLERK | 30 |
| CLERK | 10 |
+-----------+--------+
9 rows in set (0.03 sec)
统计工作岗位的数量
//去除重复工作岗位后
mysql> select count(distinct job) from emp;
+---------------------+
| count(distinct job) |
+---------------------+
| 5 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.13 sec)
//去除前
mysql> select count(job) from emp;
+------------+
| count(job) |
+------------+
| 14 |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)
连接查询
什么是连接查询?
从一张表中单独查询,称为单表查询。
emp表和dept表联合起来查询数据,从emp表中取员工名字,从dept表中取部门名字。
这种跨表查询,多张表联合起来查询数据,被称为连接查询。
连接查询分类?
根据语法的年代分类:
-
sql92:1992年的时候出现的语法
-
sql99:1999年的时候出现的语法
我们这里重点学习sql99。
根据表连接的方式分类:
- 内连接
- 等值连接
- 非等职连接
- 自连接
- 外连接
- 左外连接(左连接)
- 右外连接(右连接)
- 全连接
内连接
内连接之等值连接
查询每个员工所在部门名称,显示员工名和部门编号。
//sql92语法
//缺点:结构不清晰,表的连接条件和后期的进一步筛选条件都放到了where后面。
mysql> select e.ename,d.dname from emp e,dept d where e.deptno=d.deptno;
+--------+------------+
| ename | dname |
+--------+------------+
| SMITH | RESEARCH |
| ALLEN | SALES |
| WARD | SALES |
| JONES | RESEARCH |
| MARTIN | SALES |
| BLAKE | SALES |
| CLARK | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT | RESEARCH |
| KING | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | SALES |
| ADAMS | RESEARCH |
| JAMES | SALES |
| FORD | RESEARCH |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING |
+--------+------------+
14 rows in set (0.58 sec)
//sql99语法
//优点:连接的条件是独立的,连接之后如果还需要继续筛选,再往后继续添加where
//(inner表示内连接,可以省略)
mysql> select e.ename,d.dname from emp e inner join dept d on e.deptno=d.deptno;
+--------+------------+
| ename | dname |
+--------+------------+
| SMITH | RESEARCH |
| ALLEN | SALES |
| WARD | SALES |
| JONES | RESEARCH |
| MARTIN | SALES |
| BLAKE | SALES |
| CLARK | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT | RESEARCH |
| KING | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | SALES |
| ADAMS | RESEARCH |
| JAMES | SALES |
| FORD | RESEARCH |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING |
+--------+------------+
14 rows in set (0.04 sec)
内连接之非等值连接
找出每个员工的薪资等级,要求显示员工姓名,薪资,薪资等级
mysql> select e.ename,e.sal,s.grade from emp e join salgrade s on e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal;
+--------+---------+-------+
| ename | sal | grade |
+--------+---------+-------+
| SMITH | 800.00 | 1 |
| ALLEN | 1600.00 | 3 |
| WARD | 1250.00 | 2 |
| JONES | 2975.00 | 4 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | 2 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | 4 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | 4 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | 4 |
| KING | 5000.00 | 5 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | 3 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 | 1 |
| JAMES | 950.00 | 1 |
| FORD | 3000.00 | 4 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | 2 |
+--------+---------+-------+
14 rows in set (0.16 sec)
内连接之自连接
查询员工的上级领导,要求显示员工名和对应的领导名
mysql> select empno,ename,mgr from emp;
+-------+--------+------+
| empno | ename | mgr |
+-------+--------+------+
| 7369 | SMITH | 7902 |
| 7499 | ALLEN | 7698 |
| 7521 | WARD | 7698 |
| 7566 | JONES | 7839 |
| 7654 | MARTIN | 7698 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | 7839 |
| 7782 | CLARK | 7839 |
| 7788 | SCOTT | 7566 |
| 7839 | KING | NULL |
| 7844 | TURNER | 7698 |
| 7876 | ADAMS | 7788 |
| 7900 | JAMES | 7698 |
| 7902 | FORD | 7566 |
| 7934 | MILLER | 7782 |
+-------+--------+------+
14 rows in set (0.03 sec)
//技巧:将一张表看作两张表
mysql> select a.ename as '员工名',b.ename as '领导名' from emp a join emp b on a.mgr=b.empno;
+--------+--------+
| 员工名 | 领导名 |
+--------+--------+
| SMITH | FORD |
| ALLEN | BLAKE |
| WARD | BLAKE |
| JONES | KING |
| MARTIN | BLAKE |
| BLAKE | KING |
| CLARK | KING |
| SCOTT | JONES |
| TURNER | BLAKE |
| ADAMS | SCOTT |
| JAMES | BLAKE |
| FORD | JONES |
| MILLER | CLARK |
+--------+--------+
13 rows in set (0.05 sec)
//因为king没有领导,所以只有13条记录
外连接
右外连接
select e.ename,d.dname from emp e right outer join dept d on e.deptno=d.deptno;
right表示什么:right表示将join关键字右边的这张表看成主表,主要是为了将这张表的数据全部查询出来,捎带着关联左边的表。
在外连接中,两张表连接产生了主次关系。
outer表示外连接,可以省略,带着可读性高
查询每个员工所在部门名称,显示员工名和部门编号。
mysql> select e.ename,d.dname from emp e right join dept d on e.deptno=d.deptno;
+--------+------------+
| ename | dname |
+--------+------------+
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING |
| KING | ACCOUNTING |
| CLARK | ACCOUNTING |
| FORD | RESEARCH |
| ADAMS | RESEARCH |
| SCOTT | RESEARCH |
| JONES | RESEARCH |
| SMITH | RESEARCH |
| JAMES | SALES |
| TURNER | SALES |
| BLAKE | SALES |
| MARTIN | SALES |
| WARD | SALES |
| ALLEN | SALES |
| NULL | OPERATIONS |
+--------+------------+
15 rows in set (0.03 sec)
左外连接
mysql> select e.ename,d.dname from emp e left join dept d on e.deptno=d.deptno;
+--------+------------+
| ename | dname |
+--------+------------+
| SMITH | RESEARCH |
| ALLEN | SALES |
| WARD | SALES |
| JONES | RESEARCH |
| MARTIN | SALES |
| BLAKE | SALES |
| CLARK | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT | RESEARCH |
| KING | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | SALES |
| ADAMS | RESEARCH |
| JAMES | SALES |
| FORD | RESEARCH |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING |
+--------+------------+
14 rows in set (0.03 sec)
三张表的连接
多表连接语法:
- select …
- from a join b
- on a和b的连接条件
- join c
- on a和c的连接条件
- join d
- on a和d的连接条件
一条sql中内连接和外连接可以混合,都可以出现。
找出每个员工的部门名称以及工资等级,要求显示员工名,部门名,薪资,薪资等级
mysql> select e.ename,d.dname,e.sal,s.grade
-> from
-> emp e join dept d on e.deptno=d.deptno
-> join
-> salgrade s on e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal;
+--------+------------+---------+-------+
| ename | dname | sal | grade |
+--------+------------+---------+-------+
| SMITH | RESEARCH | 800.00 | 1 |
| ALLEN | SALES | 1600.00 | 3 |
| WARD | SALES | 1250.00 | 2 |
| JONES | RESEARCH | 2975.00 | 4 |
| MARTIN | SALES | 1250.00 | 2 |
| BLAKE | SALES | 2850.00 | 4 |
| CLARK | ACCOUNTING | 2450.00 | 4 |
| SCOTT | RESEARCH | 3000.00 | 4 |
| KING | ACCOUNTING | 5000.00 | 5 |
| TURNER | SALES | 1500.00 | 3 |
| ADAMS | RESEARCH | 1100.00 | 1 |
| JAMES | SALES | 950.00 | 1 |
| FORD | RESEARCH | 3000.00 | 4 |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING | 1300.00 | 2 |
+--------+------------+---------+-------+
14 rows in set (0.03 sec)
子查询
什么是子查询
select语句中嵌套select语句,被嵌套的select语句称为子查询。
select
…(select)
from
…(select)
where
…(select)
where语句中的子查询
找出比最低工资高的员工姓名和工资
mysql> select ename,sal from emp where sal>(select min(sal) from emp);
+--------+---------+
| ename | sal |
+--------+---------+
| ALLEN | 1600.00 |
| WARD | 1250.00 |
| JONES | 2975.00 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 |
| KING | 5000.00 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 |
| JAMES | 950.00 |
| FORD | 3000.00 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |
+--------+---------+
13 rows in set (0.03 sec)
from子句中中的子查询
**注意:from后面的子查询,可以将子查询的查询结果当作一张临时表。
找出每个部门的平均工资的薪资等级
//第一步:找出每个部门的平均工资
mysql> select deptno,avg(sal) from emp group by deptno;
+--------+-------------+
| deptno | avg(sal) |
+--------+-------------+
| 20 | 2175.000000 |
| 30 | 1566.666667 |
| 10 | 2916.666667 |
+--------+-------------+
3 rows in set (0.02 sec)
//第二步:找出平均工资的薪资等级
mysql> select e.deptno,s.grade from (select deptno,avg(sal) as avg from emp group by deptno) e join salgrade s on e.avg between losal and hisal;
+--------+-------+
| deptno | grade |
+--------+-------+
| 20 | 4 |
| 30 | 3 |
| 10 | 4 |
+--------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.04 sec)
select后面出现的子查询
找出每个员工的部门名称,要求显示员工名,部门名,部门编号。
mysql> select e.ename,e.deptno,(select d.dname from dept d where e.deptno=d.deptno) as dname from emp e;
+--------+--------+------------+
| ename | deptno | dname |
+--------+--------+------------+
| SMITH | 20 | RESEARCH |
| ALLEN | 30 | SALES |
| WARD | 30 | SALES |
| JONES | 20 | RESEARCH |
| MARTIN | 30 | SALES |
| BLAKE | 30 | SALES |
| CLARK | 10 | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT | 20 | RESEARCH |
| KING | 10 | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | 30 | SALES |
| ADAMS | 20 | RESEARCH |
| JAMES | 30 | SALES |
| FORD | 20 | RESEARCH |
| MILLER | 10 | ACCOUNTING |
+--------+--------+------------+
14 rows in set (0.38 sec)
union合并查询结果集
查询工作岗位是MANAGER和SALESMAN的员工
mysql> select ename,job from emp where job ='MANAGER' or job='SALESMAN';
+--------+----------+
| ename | job |
+--------+----------+
| ALLEN | SALESMAN |
| WARD | SALESMAN |
| JONES | MANAGER |
| MARTIN | SALESMAN |
| BLAKE | MANAGER |
| CLARK | MANAGER |
| TURNER | SALESMAN |
+--------+----------+
7 rows in set (0.03 sec)
mysql> select ename,job from emp where job in ('MANAGER','SALESMAN');
+--------+----------+
| ename | job |
+--------+----------+
| ALLEN | SALESMAN |
| WARD | SALESMAN |
| JONES | MANAGER |
| MARTIN | SALESMAN |
| BLAKE | MANAGER |
| CLARK | MANAGER |
| TURNER | SALESMAN |
+--------+----------+
7 rows in set (0.03 sec)
mysql> select ename,job from emp where job ='MANAGER' union select ename,job from emp where job ='SALESMAN';
+--------+----------+
| ename | job |
+--------+----------+
| JONES | MANAGER |
| BLAKE | MANAGER |
| CLARK | MANAGER |
| ALLEN | SALESMAN |
| WARD | SALESMAN |
| MARTIN | SALESMAN |
| TURNER | SALESMAN |
+--------+----------+
7 rows in set (0.03 sec)
使用union的优点:
union的效率要高一些,对于表的连接来说,每连接一次新表,则匹配的次数满足笛卡尔积,成倍的翻。。。但是union可以减少匹配的次数,在减少匹配次数的情况下,还可以完成两个结果集的拼接。
-
a 连接 b 连接 c
-
a 10条记录
-
b 10条记录
-
c 10条记录
匹配次数:1000;
-
a 连接 b一个结果:10*10=100;
-
a连接c一个结果:10*10=100;
使用union的话是:100次+100次=200次;
union在使用时的注意事项
union在进行结果集合并的时候,要求两个结果集的列数相同。
mysql> select ename,job from emp where job ='MANAGER' union select ename from emp where job ='SALESMAN'; 1222 - The used SELECT statements have a different number of columns