函数式编程工具：map, filter和reduce

1. map将一个函数映射到一个输入列表的所有元素上

map(function_to_apply, list_of_inputs)	# 结构

list(map((lambda x: x + 3), [1, 2, 3, 4]))	# [4, 5, 6, 7]
list(map(pow, [1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 4]))	# 1 ** 2, 2 ** 3, 3 ** 4

# Create a list of strings: spells
spells = ["protego", "accio", "expecto patronum", "legilimens"]
# Use map() to apply a lambda function over spells: shout_spells
shout_spells = [map(lambda item: item + '!!!', spells)]
print(shout_spells)   # output: ['protego!!!', 'accio!!!', 'expecto patronum!!!', 'legilimens!!!']

2. filter过滤列表中的元素，并且返回一个由所有符合要求的元素所构成的列表，符合要求即函数映射到该元素时返回值为True

list(filter((lambda x: x > 0), range(-5, 5)))	# [1, 2, 3, 4]

# Create a list of strings: fellowship
fellowship = ['frodo', 'samwise', 'merry', 'pippin', 'aragorn', 'boromir', 'legolas', 'gimli', 'gandalf']
# Use filter() to apply a lambda function over fellowship: result
result_list = [filter(lambda member: len(member) > 6, fellowship)]
print(result_list)    # ['samwise', 'aragorn', 'boromir', 'legolas', 'gandalf']

3. reduce对每个元素都应用函数并运行到最后结果

python3 中，reduce位于functools模块下

from functools import reduce
reduce((lambda x, y: x + y), [1, 2, 3, 4])	# 10
reduce((lambda x, y: x + y), [1, 2, 3, 4])	# 24
# 序列中第一个元素初始化起始值

# Import reduce from functools
from functools import reduce

# Create a list of strings: stark
stark = ['robb', 'sansa', 'arya', 'brandon', 'rickon']
# Use reduce() to apply a lambda function over stark: result
result = reduce(lambda item1, item2: item1 + item2, stark)
print(result)	# robbsansaaryabrandonrickon