R学习——霍普金斯大学week2

print("x")

"Control Structure"
if, else:testing a condition
for:execute a loop a fixed number of times
while:execute a loop while a condition is true
repeat:execute an infinite loop
break:break the execution of a loop
next:skip an interation of a loop
return:exit a function

"判断"
x<-2
if(x>3){
    y<-10
}else{
    y<-0
}

other way
y<- if(x>3 ){
    10
}else{
    0
}


"循环"
for(i in 1:10){
    print(i)
}

x<-c("a","b","c","d")

for(i in 1:4){
    print(x[i])
}

for(i in seq_along(x)){
    print(x)#是个向量
}

for(letter in x){
    print(letter)
}

for(i in 1:4)print(x[i])

x <- matrix(1:6, 2, 3)

for(i in seq_len(nrow(x))){
    for(j in seq_len(ncol(x))){
        print(x[i, j])
    }
}# 先row 行 

"while 循环"
count <- 0
while(count < 10){
    print(count)
    count<- count + 1
}

count<- 0
z<- 5
while(z >= 3 && z<= 10){
    print(z)
    coin <- rbinom(1,1,0.5)
    count <- count +1
    if(coin ==1){
        z<- z+1
    }else{
        z<- z-1
    }
    print(count)
}


"repaet "

x0 <- 1
tol <- 1e-8
repeat{
    x1<- computeEstimate()#这里是估计值
    if(abs(x1-x0)< tol){
        break
    }else{
        x0 <- x1
    }
}

break 直接跳出
next 直接跳过


"function"
add2 <- function(x,y){
    x+y
}

above10 <- function(x){
    use<- x>10
    x[use]
}

above <- function(x,n = 10){
    use<- x > n
    x[use]
}# n 的defeat值为10

columnmean <- function(y){
    nc <- ncol(y)
    means <- numeric(nc)
    for(i in 1:nc){
        means[i] <- mean(y[, i])
    }
    means
}

#存在NA值 处理NA值

columnmean <- function(y, removeNA= TRUE){
    nc <- ncol(y)
    means <- numeric(nc)
    for(i in 1:nc){
        means[i] <- mean(y[, i], na.rm = removeNA)
    }
    means
}

# 函数可以嵌套
# 顺序排列和非顺序排列都可以，没有命运就看着顺序赋值
#建议顺序赋值参数
mydata <- rorm(100)
sd(mydata)
sd(x = mydata)
sd(x = mydata, na.rm = FALSE)
sd(na.rm = FALSE, x = mydata)
sd(na.rm = FALSE, mydata)


args(lm)
function (formula, data, subset, weights, na.action, method = "qr", 
          model = TRUE, x = FALSE, y = FALSE, qr = TRUE, singular.ok = TRUE, 
          contrasts = NULL, offset, ...) 
    lm(data = mydata, y-x, model = FALSE, 1:100)
lm(x-y, mydata, 1:100, model = FALSE)
#后两者都是一样的，可以理解位置匹配和命名匹配是如何协调的

f <- function(a, b = 1, c = 2, d=NULL){
    
}
#参数可以设置成null
f <- function(a, b){
    a^2
}
f(2)

f <- function(a, b){
    print(a)
    print(b)
}
f(45)

#有些参数在参数的里面
function (x, ...) 
    UseMethod("mean")
<bytecode: 0x000001c3cbdb34a8>
    <environment: namespace:base>
    
    
    args(paste)
function (..., sep = " ", collapse = NULL, recycle0 = FALSE) 
    NULL  

> paste("a","b",sep = ":")
[1] "a:b"
> paste("a","b",se = ":")
[1] "a b :"

"全局变量"
#R的包存在一个固定的包列表或是这些包以某种特定顺序排列
#library()这个包就会在第二个被搜索的，也就是全局环境的后面
#可能有一个叫c的对象和一个叫c的函数
# 作用域
f <- function(x,y){
    x^2 + y/z
}#作用域决定了z
#base包是最后搜索的

#函数里面构建函数
make.power <- function(n){
    pow <- function(x){
        x^n
    }
}

cube <- make.power(3)
square <- make.power(2)
cube(3)

square(3)

> cube <- make.power(3)
> square <- make.power(2)
> cube(3)
[1] 27
> 
    > square(3)
[1] 9


> ls(environment(cube))
[1] "n"   "pow"
> get("n",environment(cube))
[1] 3
> ls(environment(square))
[1] "n"   "pow"
> get("n",environment(square))
[1] 2


# 看起来也是先读取全部的函数

y <- 10

f<- function(x){
    y <- 2
    y^2 + g(x)
}

g <- function(x){
    x*y
}

f(3)


#要是y放在后面则不能识别出来


make.NegLogLik <- function(data, fixed = c(FALSE,FALSE)){
    params <- fixed
    function(p){
        params[!fixed] <- p
        mu <- params[1]
        sigma <- params[2]
        a <- 0.5*length(data)*log(2*pi*sigma^2)
        b <- 0.5*sum((data-mu)^2)/(sigma^2)
        -(a+b)
    }
}

"代码的规则"
1、用文本编辑器
2、缩进至少四个代码
3、限制长度
4、限制函数功能（debug能找到函数的）

"日期"
> x <- as.Date("1970-01-01")

> x
[1] "1970-01-01"
> unclass(x)
[1] 0
> unclass(as.Date("1970-01-01"))
[1] 0
POSIXct整数
POSIXlt 是个列表


> x <- Sys.time()
> x
[1] "2022-10-01 12:02:56 CST"
> p<- as.POSIXlt(x)
> names(unclass(p))
[1] "sec"    "min"    "hour"   "mday"   "mon"    "year"  
[7] "wday"   "yday"   "isdst"  "zone"   "gmtoff"
> p$sec
[1] 56.42621 #当前时间的秒数


datastring <- c("January 10, 2012 10:40","December 9, 2011 9:10")
x <- strptime(datastring, "%B %d, %Y %H:%M")
x

class(x)


#不同类型的不能相加减

x <- as.Date("2012-03-01") 
y<- as.Date("2012-02-28")
x-y

x<- as.POSIXct("2012-10-25 01:00:00")
y<- as.POSIXct("2012-10-25 06:00:00",tz="GMT")
x-y