Java HashMap遍历：KeySet、EntrySet、迭代器与Lambda表达式

在 Java 编程中，HashMap 是常用数据结构，用于存储键值对。实际开发中，高效灵活遍历是核心技巧。本文将深入探讨四种遍历 HashMap 的方法（基于 KeySet、EntrySet、Iterator、Lambda 表达式）并对比差异和适用场景

1. KeySet遍历法

原理：keySet()返回 HashMap 键的集合视图（HashSet 实现），遍历时先取键再用 map.get(key)取对应值。
特点：需两次调用，适用于只处理键的情况

Map<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<>();
// ...填充map数据...

for (String key : map.keySet()) {
    Integer value = map.get(key);
    System.out.println("Key: " + key + ", Value: " + value);
}

2. EntrySet遍历法

原理：entrySet()返回包含 HashMap 键值对的集合视图（HashSet 实现），元素为 Map.Entry 对象，可通过.getKey()和.getValue()获取键值。

特点：一次性获取键值对信息，效率高，是最推荐的遍历方式。

for (Map.Entry<String, Integer> entry : map.entrySet()) {
    String key = entry.getKey();
    Integer value = entry.getValue();
    System.out.println("Key: " + key + ", Value: " + value);
}

3. 迭代器遍历法

原理：通过调用 iterator()或基于 KeySet/EntrySet 的 iterator()方法获取迭代器遍历，能提供更多控制如删除当前元素。
。特点：具与 EntrySet 相似功能及迭代器灵活性，支持 remove()方法.

Iterator<Map.Entry<String, Integer>> iterator = map.entrySet().iterator();
while (iterator.hasNext()) {
    Map.Entry<String, Integer> entry = iterator.next();
    // 同样可以获取键值对
    System.out.println("Key: " + entry.getKey() + ", Value: " + entry.getValue());
}

4. Lambda表达式遍历法（Java 8+）

原理：利用Java 8引入的Stream API和Consumer接口，通过forEach()方法遍历HashMap，并使用lambda表达式来处理键值对。

特点：代码简洁高效，易于阅读和编写，能够无缝衔接其他流式操作（filter、map、reduce等）。但这种方式并不支持在遍历过程中修改原HashMap，因为修改会导致并发修改异常。

map.forEach((key, value) -> {
    System.out.println("Key: " + key + ", Value: " + value);
});

5. 区别总结

• keySet 遍历：用于仅遍历键取对应值，不修改值时适用。
• entrySet 遍历：需同时操作键值或进行键值对复杂操作时适用。
• 迭代器遍历：控制能力强，可删除元素，适用于灵活性场景。
• Lambda 表达式遍历：现代 Java 提倡简洁高效，适合简单遍历并结合 Stream API 进行复杂流式处理。

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