（三）矢量指标升降关系与坐标转换关系

1. 指标升降关系：

1.1. 基矢量的指标升降关系

在讲述协（逆）变基矢时，我们曾得到如下两个关系式：$$\begin{gathered} {\vec{g}}^i=g^{ij}{\vec{g}}_j \\ {\vec{g}}_i=g_{ij}{\vec{g}}^j \end{gathered}$$将其称为基矢量的坐标升降关系。

1.2. 矢量分量的指标升降关系

下面讲述矢量分量的指标升降关系。任意矢量 $\vec{v}$ 既可以对协变基矢构成的基进行分解，也可以对逆变基矢构成的基进行分解，即：$$\vec{v}=p^i{\vec{g}}_i=p_i{\vec{g}}^i$$分别将 $p^i$ 与 $p_i$ 称作矢量的逆变分量与协变分量，且有
$$\begin{gathered} p^i=(\vec{v},{\vec{g}}^i)=(p_j{\vec{g}}^j,{\vec{g}}^i)=p_j({\vec{g}}^j,{\vec{g}}^i)=p_j{g}^{ij} \\ {p}_i=(\vec{v},{\vec{g}}_i)=(p^j{\vec{g}}_j,{\vec{g}}_i)=p^j({\vec{g}}_j,{\vec{g}}_i)=p^j{g}_{ij} \end{gathered}$$对比发现，矢量的协变分量和逆变分量之间的指标升降关系与协变基矢和逆变基矢的指标升降关系形式上完全相同，起到升指标作用的是度量张量的逆变分量，起到降指标作用的是度量张量的协变分量。

2. 坐标转换关系：

2.1. 基矢量的坐标转换关系

设有旧曲线坐标系$x^i$与新曲线坐标系$x^{i^{\prime }}$且二者是一对一的映射。对于空间中任意一点而言存在四组基，即新旧坐标系的协（逆）变基矢构成的向量组。要建立起四者相互转换的关系只需要讨论新坐标系的协（逆）变基矢与旧坐标系的协（逆）变基矢间的转化关系，因为同一坐标系下的协变基矢与逆变基矢的关系已由指标升降关系给出。将新坐标系的协（逆）变基矢分别向旧坐标系的协（逆）变基矢进行分解：
$$\begin{gathered} \left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{g}}_{1^{\prime }}& {\vec{g}}_{2^{\prime }}& {\vec{g}}_{3^{\prime }}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{g}}_1& {\vec{g}}_2& {\vec{g}}_3\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\beta }_{1^{\prime }}^1& {\beta }_{2^{\prime }}^1& {\beta }_{3^{\prime }}^1\\ & & \\ {\beta }_{1^{\prime }}^2& {\beta }_{2^{\prime }}^2& {\beta }_{3^{\prime }}^2\\ & & \\ {\beta }_{1^{\prime }}^3& {\beta }_{2^{\prime }}^3& {\beta }_{3^{\prime }}^3\end{array}\right]⟺{\vec{g}}_{i^{\prime }}={\beta }_{i^{\prime }}^j{\vec{g}}_j(i^{\prime }=1^{\prime },2^{\prime },3^{\prime }；j=1,2,3)(1) \\ \left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{g}}^{1^{\prime }}& {\vec{g}}^{2^{\prime }}& {\vec{g}}^{3^{\prime }}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{g}}^1& {\vec{g}}^2& {\vec{g}}^3\end{array}\right]{\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\beta }_1^{1^{\prime }}& {\beta }_2^{1^{\prime }}& {\beta }_3^{1^{\prime }}\\ & & \\ {\beta }_1^{2^{\prime }}& {\beta }_2^{2^{\prime }}& {\beta }_3^{2^{\prime }}\\ & & \\ {\beta }_1^{3^{\prime }}& {\beta }_2^{3^{\prime }}& {\beta }_3^{3^{\prime }}\end{array}\right]}^T⟺{\vec{g}}^{i^{\prime }}={\beta }_j^{i^{\prime }}{\vec{g}}^j(i^{\prime }=1^{\prime },2^{\prime },3^{\prime }；j=1,2,3)(2) \end{gathered}$$将 ${\beta }_{i^{\prime }}^j$，${\beta }_j^{i^{\prime }}$分别称作协变转换系数，逆变转换系数（看新坐标系的指标），由对偶条件：
$$[{\delta }_{j^{\prime }}^{i^{\prime }}]=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\delta }_{1^{\prime }}^{1^{\prime }}& {\delta }_{2^{\prime }}^{1^{\prime }}& {\delta }_{3^{\prime }}^{1^{\prime }}\\ & & \\ {\delta }_{1^{\prime }}^{2^{\prime }}& {\delta }_{2^{\prime }}^{2^{\prime }}& {\delta }_{3^{\prime }}^{2^{\prime }}\\ & & \\ {\delta }_{1^{\prime }}^{3^{\prime }}& {\delta }_{2^{\prime }}^{3^{\prime }}& {\delta }_{3^{\prime }}^{3^{\prime }}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}({\vec{g}}^{1^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}_{1^{\prime }})& ({\vec{g}}^{1^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}_{2^{\prime }})& ({\vec{g}}^{1^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}_{3^{\prime }})\\ & & \\ ({\vec{g}}^{2^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}_{1^{\prime }})& ({\vec{g}}^{2^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}_{2^{\prime }})& ({\vec{g}}^{2^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}_{3^{\prime }})\\ & & \\ ({\vec{g}}^{3^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}_{1^{\prime }})& ({\vec{g}}^{3^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}_{2^{\prime }})& ({\vec{g}}^{3^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}_{3^{\prime }})\end{array}\right]={\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{g}}^{1^{\prime }}& {\vec{g}}^{2^{\prime }}& {\vec{g}}^{3^{\prime }}\end{array}\right]}^T\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{g}}_{1^{\prime }}& {\vec{g}}_{2^{\prime }}& {\vec{g}}_{3^{\prime }}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\beta }_1^{1^{\prime }}& {\beta }_2^{1^{\prime }}& {\beta }_3^{1^{\prime }}\\ & & \\ {\beta }_1^{2^{\prime }}& {\beta }_2^{2^{\prime }}& {\beta }_3^{2^{\prime }}\\ & & \\ {\beta }_1^{3^{\prime }}& {\beta }_2^{3^{\prime }}& {\beta }_3^{3^{\prime }}\end{array}\right]{\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{g}}^1& {\vec{g}}^2& {\vec{g}}^3\end{array}\right]}^T\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{g}}_1& {\vec{g}}_2& {\vec{g}}_3\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\beta }_{1^{\prime }}^1& {\beta }_{2^{\prime }}^1& {\beta }_{3^{\prime }}^1\\ & & \\ {\beta }_{1^{\prime }}^2& {\beta }_{2^{\prime }}^2& {\beta }_{3^{\prime }}^2\\ & & \\ {\beta }_{1^{\prime }}^3& {\beta }_{2^{\prime }}^3& {\beta }_{3^{\prime }}^3\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}({\vec{g}}^{1^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}_{1^{\prime }})& ({\vec{g}}^{1^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}_{2^{\prime }})& ({\vec{g}}^{1^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}_{3^{\prime }})\\ & & \\ ({\vec{g}}^{2^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}_{1^{\prime }})& ({\vec{g}}^{2^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}_{2^{\prime }})& ({\vec{g}}^{2^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}_{3^{\prime }})\\ & & \\ ({\vec{g}}^{3^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}_{1^{\prime }})& ({\vec{g}}^{3^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}_{2^{\prime }})& ({\vec{g}}^{3^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}_{3^{\prime }})\end{array}\right]={\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{g}}^{1^{\prime }}& {\vec{g}}^{2^{\prime }}& {\vec{g}}^{3^{\prime }}\end{array}\right]}^T\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{g}}_{1^{\prime }}& {\vec{g}}_{2^{\prime }}& {\vec{g}}_{3^{\prime }}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\beta }_1^{1^{\prime }}& {\beta }_2^{1^{\prime }}& {\beta }_3^{1^{\prime }}\\ & & \\ {\beta }_1^{2^{\prime }}& {\beta }_2^{2^{\prime }}& {\beta }_3^{2^{\prime }}\\ & & \\ {\beta }_1^{3^{\prime }}& {\beta }_2^{3^{\prime }}& {\beta }_3^{3^{\prime }}\end{array}\right]{\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{g}}^1& {\vec{g}}^2& {\vec{g}}^3\end{array}\right]}^T\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{g}}_1& {\vec{g}}_2& {\vec{g}}_3\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\beta }_{1^{\prime }}^1& {\beta }_{2^{\prime }}^1& {\beta }_{3^{\prime }}^1\\ & & \\ {\beta }_{1^{\prime }}^2& {\beta }_{2^{\prime }}^2& {\beta }_{3^{\prime }}^2\\ & & \\ {\beta }_{1^{\prime }}^3& {\beta }_{2^{\prime }}^3& {\beta }_{3^{\prime }}^3\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\beta }_1^{1^{\prime }}& {\beta }_2^{1^{\prime }}& {\beta }_3^{1^{\prime }}\\ & & \\ {\beta }_1^{2^{\prime }}& {\beta }_2^{2^{\prime }}& {\beta }_3^{2^{\prime }}\\ & & \\ {\beta }_1^{3^{\prime }}& {\beta }_2^{3^{\prime }}& {\beta }_3^{3^{\prime }}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\beta }_{1^{\prime }}^1& {\beta }_{2^{\prime }}^1& {\beta }_{3^{\prime }}^1\\ & & \\ {\beta }_{1^{\prime }}^2& {\beta }_{2^{\prime }}^2& {\beta }_{3^{\prime }}^2\\ & & \\ {\beta }_{1^{\prime }}^3& {\beta }_{2^{\prime }}^3& {\beta }_{3^{\prime }}^3\end{array}\right]$$上式说明：协变转换系数矩阵与逆变转换系数矩阵互逆，即$${\beta }_i^{k^{\prime }}{\beta }_{j^{\prime }}^i={\delta }_{j^{\prime }}^{k^{\prime }}，[{\beta }_j^{i^{\prime }}{]}^{-1}=[{\beta }_{j^{\prime }}^i]$$同样的旧坐标系的协（逆）变基矢可对新坐标系的协（逆）变基矢进行分解，且由式(1)(2)知应有：
$$\begin{gathered} \left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{g}}_1& {\vec{g}}_2& {\vec{g}}_3\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{g}}_{1^{\prime }}& {\vec{g}}_{2^{\prime }}& {\vec{g}}_{3^{\prime }}\end{array}\right]{\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\beta }_{1^{\prime }}^1& {\beta }_{2^{\prime }}^1& {\beta }_{3^{\prime }}^1\\ & & \\ {\beta }_{1^{\prime }}^2& {\beta }_{2^{\prime }}^2& {\beta }_{3^{\prime }}^2\\ & & \\ {\beta }_{1^{\prime }}^3& {\beta }_{2^{\prime }}^3& {\beta }_{3^{\prime }}^3\end{array}\right]}^{-1}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{g}}_{1^{\prime }}& {\vec{g}}_{2^{\prime }}& {\vec{g}}_{3^{\prime }}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\beta }_1^{1^{\prime }}& {\beta }_2^{1^{\prime }}& {\beta }_3^{1^{\prime }}\\ & & \\ {\beta }_1^{2^{\prime }}& {\beta }_2^{2^{\prime }}& {\beta }_3^{2^{\prime }}\\ & & \\ {\beta }_1^{3^{\prime }}& {\beta }_2^{3^{\prime }}& {\beta }_3^{3^{\prime }}\end{array}\right]⟺{\vec{g}}_j={\beta }_j^{i^{\prime }}{\vec{g}}_{i^{\prime }}(i^{\prime }=1,2,3；j=1,2,3)(3) \\ \left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{g}}^1& {\vec{g}}^2& {\vec{g}}^3\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{g}}^{1^{\prime }}& {\vec{g}}^{2^{\prime }}& {\vec{g}}^{3^{\prime }}\end{array}\right]{\left({\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\beta }_1^{1^{\prime }}& {\beta }_2^{1^{\prime }}& {\beta }_3^{1^{\prime }}\\ & & \\ {\beta }_1^{2^{\prime }}& {\beta }_2^{2^{\prime }}& {\beta }_3^{2^{\prime }}\\ & & \\ {\beta }_1^{3^{\prime }}& {\beta }_2^{3^{\prime }}& {\beta }_3^{3^{\prime }}\end{array}\right]}^T\right)}^{-1}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\vec{g}}^{1^{\prime }}& {\vec{g}}^{2^{\prime }}& {\vec{g}}^{3^{\prime }}\end{array}\right]{\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\beta }_{1^{\prime }}^1& {\beta }_{2^{\prime }}^1& {\beta }_{3^{\prime }}^1\\ & & \\ {\beta }_{1^{\prime }}^2& {\beta }_{2^{\prime }}^2& {\beta }_{3^{\prime }}^2\\ & & \\ {\beta }_{1^{\prime }}^3& {\beta }_{2^{\prime }}^3& {\beta }_{3^{\prime }}^3\end{array}\right]}^T⟺{\vec{g}}^j={\beta }_{i^{\prime }}^j{\vec{g}}^{i^{\prime }}(i^{\prime }=1,2,3；j=1,2,3)(4) \end{gathered}$$将式(1)(2)(3)(4)称作基矢量的坐标变换关系。

下图为四组基之间的相互转换关系:

2.2. 坐标转换系数

从上述讨论不难得知：协（逆）变转换系数可由不同坐标系下的协变基矢与逆变基矢的点积得到，即
$$\begin{gathered} ({\vec{g}}_j,{\vec{g}}^{i^{\prime }})=({\vec{g}}_j,{\beta }_k^{i^{\prime }}{\vec{g}}^k)={\beta }_k^{i^{\prime }}({\vec{g}}_j,{\vec{g}}^k)={\beta }_k^{i^{\prime }}{\delta }_j^k={\beta }_j^{i^{\prime }}⟹{\beta }_j^{i^{\prime }}=({\vec{g}}_j,{\vec{g}}^{i^{\prime }})(i^{\prime }=1,2,3；j=1,2,3) \\ ({\vec{g}}_{i^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}^j)=({\beta }_{i^{\prime }}^k{\vec{g}}_k,{\vec{g}}^j)={\beta }_{i^{\prime }}^k({\vec{g}}_k,{\vec{g}}^j)={\beta }_{i^{\prime }}^k{\delta }_k^j={\beta }_{i^{\prime }}^j⟹{\beta }_{i^{\prime }}^j=({\vec{g}}_{i^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}^j)(i^{\prime }=1,2,3；j=1,2,3) \end{gathered}$$此外，还可以通过新旧坐标系间的映射关系求得协（逆）变转换系数:

以直角坐标系为过渡：$x^{i^{\prime }}(x(x^j),y(x^j),z(x^j))$ 或 $x^j(x(x^{i^{\prime }}),y(x^{i^{\prime }}),z(x^{i^{\prime }}))$
$$\begin{gathered} {\beta }_j^{i^{\prime }}=({\vec{g}}_j,{\vec{g}}^{i^{\prime }})=\left(\frac{\partial x}{\partial x^j}\vec{i}+\frac{\partial y}{\partial x^j}\vec{j}+\frac{\partial z}{\partial x^j}\vec{k}\right)\bullet \left(\frac{\partial x^{i^{\prime }}}{\partial x}\vec{i}+\frac{\partial x^{i^{\prime }}}{\partial y}\vec{j}+\frac{\partial x^{i^{\prime }}}{\partial z}\vec{k}\right)=\frac{\partial x}{\partial x^j}\frac{\partial x^{i^{\prime }}}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial y}{\partial x^j}\frac{\partial x^{i^{\prime }}}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial z}{\partial x^j}\frac{\partial x^{i^{\prime }}}{\partial z}=\frac{\partial x^{i^{\prime }}}{\partial x^j} \\ {\beta }_{i^{\prime }}^j=({\vec{g}}_{i^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}^j)=\left(\frac{\partial x}{\partial x^{i^{\prime }}}\vec{i}+\frac{\partial y}{\partial x^{i^{\prime }}}\vec{j}+\frac{\partial z}{\partial x^{i^{\prime }}}\vec{k}\right)\bullet \left(\frac{\partial x^j}{\partial x}\vec{i}+\frac{\partial x^j}{\partial y}\vec{j}+\frac{\partial x^j}{\partial z}\vec{k}\right)=\frac{\partial x}{\partial x^{i^{\prime }}}\frac{\partial x^j}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial y}{\partial x^{i^{\prime }}}\frac{\partial x^j}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial z}{\partial x^{i^{\prime }}}\frac{\partial x^j}{\partial z}=\frac{\partial x^j}{\partial x^{i^{\prime }}} \end{gathered}$$

2.3. 矢量分量的坐标转换关系

由于$$\vec{v}=p^i{\vec{g}}_i=p^{i^{\prime }}{\vec{g}}_{i^{\prime }}=p_i{\vec{g}}^i=p_{i^{\prime }}{\vec{g}}^{i^{\prime }}$$故$$\begin{gathered} (p^j{\vec{g}}_j,{\vec{g}}^i)=p^j({\vec{g}}_j,{\vec{g}}^i)=p^j{\delta }_j^i=p^i=(p^{j^{\prime }}{\vec{g}}_{j^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}^i)=p^{j^{\prime }}({\vec{g}}_{j^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}^i)=p^{j^{\prime }}{\beta }_{j^{\prime }}^i⟹p^i={\beta }_{j^{\prime }}^i{p}^{j^{\prime }}(i=1,2,3;j^{\prime }=1,2,3) \\ (p_j{\vec{g}}^j,{\vec{g}}_i)=p_j({\vec{g}}^j,{\vec{g}}_i)=p_j{\delta }_i^j=p_i=(p_{j^{\prime }}{\vec{g}}^{j^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}_i)=p_{j^{\prime }}({\vec{g}}^{j^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}_i)=p_{j^{\prime }}{\beta }_i^{j^{\prime }}⟹p_i={\beta }_i^{j^{\prime }}{p}_{j^{\prime }}(i=1,2,3;j^{\prime }=1,2,3) \\ (p^{j^{\prime }}{\vec{g}}_{j^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}^{i^{\prime }})=p^{j^{\prime }}({\vec{g}}_{j^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}^{i^{\prime }})=p^{j^{\prime }}{\delta }_{j^{\prime }}^{i^{\prime }}=p^{i^{\prime }}=(p^j{\vec{g}}_j,{\vec{g}}^{i^{\prime }})=p^j({\vec{g}}_j,{\vec{g}}^{i^{\prime }})=p^j{\beta }_j^{i^{\prime }}⟹p^{i^{\prime }}={\beta }_j^{i^{\prime }}{p}^j(i^{\prime }=1,2,3;j=1,2,3) \\ (p_{j^{\prime }}{\vec{g}}^{j^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}_{i^{\prime }})=p_{j^{\prime }}({\vec{g}}^{j^{\prime }},{\vec{g}}_{i^{\prime }})=p_{j^{\prime }}{\delta }_{i^{\prime }}^{j^{\prime }}=p_{i^{\prime }}=(p_j{\vec{g}}^j,{\vec{g}}_{i^{\prime }})=p_j({\vec{g}}^j,{\vec{g}}_{i^{\prime }})=p_j{\beta }_{i^{\prime }}^j⟹p_{i^{\prime }}={\beta }_{i^{\prime }}^j{p}_j(i^{\prime }=1,2,3;j=1,2,3) \end{gathered}$$上述式子给出了新旧坐标系中矢量的协（逆）变分量的坐标转换关系，显然其形式上与基矢量的坐标转换关系完全相同。