考研高数复习

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于 2023-08-11 10:18:16 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_51884709/article/details/131599538

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一函数

（一）函数的概念常见函数

定义：对于每个数 x∈D，变量y按照一定法则总有一个确定的y于它对应，则称x是y的函数，记y=f(x)

定义域：D为定义域

值域：{y|y=f(x),x∈D}

函数有连个基本要素：定义域，对应法则

2.复合函数

设y=f(u)，定义域Df，u=g(x)，定义域Dg，值域Rg

Df ∩ Rg ≠ ф

称y=f[g(x)]为函数f(u)与u=g(x)的复合函数

3.反函数

设函数y=f(x)的定义域为D，值域Rg，对任意y∈Ry，有唯一确定的x∈D，使得y=f(x)，计x= $eq?f%5E%7B-1%7D%28y%29$

4.初等函数

幂，指数，对数，三角，反三角函数统称基本初等函数

由常数和基本初等经过有限次的加，减，乘，除和复合得到的函数

（二）函数的性态

1.单调性

定义

单调增：x1<x2 => f(x1)<f(x2)

单调不减：x1<x2 => f(x1)≤f(x2)

设f(x)，x∈[a,b],f(a)=0

单增 => f(x)>0 ，x∈(a,b]

不减 => f(x)≥0， x∈(a,b]

判定

（1）根据定义

（2）导数

1. f'(x)>0，单增

2. f'(x)≥0，单调不减

2.奇偶性

定义

（1）奇函数关于原点对称，且在x=0处，f(x)=0

（2）偶函数关于轴对称

判定

（1）通过定义

（2）设f(x)可导

1. f(x)奇函数 => f’(x) 偶函数

f’(x) 偶函数推不出 f(x) 为奇函数

例如： $eq?f%27%28x%29%3Dx%5E2%2Cf%28x%29%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%7D*x%5E3+C$ 当C=0时，f(x)才为奇函数

2. f(x)偶函数 => f’(x) 奇函数

（3）连续的奇函数的原函数都是偶函数

连续的偶函数的原函数之一是奇函数

设f(x)连续

（1）若f(x)是奇函数，则 $eq?%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7Df%28t%29dt$ 是偶函数（2）若f(x)是偶函数，则 $eq?%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7Df%28t%29dt$ 是奇函数对于 $eq?%5Cint_%7Ba%7D%5E%7Bx%7Df%28t%29dt$ ,则只有（1）成立，（2）不成立

$eq?%5Cint_%7Ba%7D%5E%7Bx%7Df%28t%29dt$ = $eq?%5Cint_%7Ba%7D%5E%7B0%7Df%28t%29dt$ + $eq?%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7Df%28t%29dt$

常数C + 积分·

3.周期性

定义：f(x+T)=f(x)

（1）若f(x)以T为周期，则f(ax+b)以 $eq?%5Cfrac%7BT%7D%7B%7Ca%7C%7D$ 为周期

判定：

（1）定义

（2)周期函数的导函数为周期函数

周期函数的原函数不一定是周期函数

设 f(x) 连续函数以T为周期

$eq?F%28x%29%3D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7Df%28t%29dt$ 是以T为周期的周期函数<=> $eq?%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7BT%7Df%28x%29dx%3D0$

$eq?F%28x+T%29%3D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx+T%7Df%28t%29dt%3D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7Df%28t%29dt+%5Cint_%7Bx%7D%5E%7Bx+T%7Df%28t%29dt$ $eq?F%28x%29%3D%5Cint_%7Bx%7D%5E%7Bx+T%7Df%28t%29dt%3D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7BT%7Df%28t%29dt%3D0$ $eq?F%28x+T%29%3DF%28x%29$

周期函数的原函数是周期函数的充要条件是在一个周期上的积分为0

例题已知f(x)=e^sinx+e^(-sinx)f'''(2Π)=

   f(x)为偶函数且以2Π为周期 => f'''(2Π)=f'''(0);

将f(x)在0处泰勒展开 $eq?f%28x%29%3Df%280%29+f%27%280%29*x+%5Cfrac%7Bf%27%27%280%29%7D%7B2%21%7D*x%5E2+%5Cfrac%7Bf%27%27%27%280%29%7D%7B3%21%7D*x%5E3+.....$

根据泰勒公式可知函数为：

  （1）偶函数：奇数次导数皆为0

（2）奇函数：偶数次导数皆为0，且f(0)=0;

   该函数为偶函数，f'''(x)为奇数次导数，故为0

4.有界性

定义

若存在: $eq?%5Cexists%20M%3E0%2C%5Cforall%20x%5Cin%20I%2C%7Cf%28x%29%7C%5Cleq%20M%3B$ 则称f(x)在I上有界

判定

（1）定义

（2）f(x)在[a,b]上连续 => f(x)在[a,b]上有界

若两端为开区间，则无法推断其在开区间有界例如：1/x 在（0,1）上连续但无界

（3）f(x)在（a,b）上连续，且 $eq?f%28a%5E%7B+%7D%29%2Cf%28b%5E-%29$ 存在 => f(x)在（a,b）上有界

（4）f'(x)在有限区间I上有界 => f(x)在I上有界

设区间I上最小值m,最大值M,区间长度L $eq?%7Cf%28x%29%7C%3D%7Cf%28x%29-f%28x_%7B0%7D%29+f%28x_%7B0%7D%29%7C%5Cleq%20%7Cf%27%28%5Cxi%20%29%7C*%7Cx-x_%7B0%7D%7C+%7Cf%28x_%7B0%7D%29%7C%5Cleq%20ML+%7Cf%28x_%7B0%7D%29%7C$

例题1

（A）若f'(x)在（0，1）内连续，则f(x)在（0，1）内有界         f'(x)=1/x^2

（B）若f(x)在（0，1）内连续，则f(x)在（0，1）内有界   f(x)=1/x

（C）若f'(x)在（0，1）内有界，则f(x)在（0，1）内有界

（D）若f(x)在（0，1）内有界，则f'(x)在（0，1）内有界

          f(x)=x^a f'(x)=x^(a-1) 0<a<1

例题：设f(x)连续，且f'(0)>0,则存在δ>0,使得

（A）若f'(x)在（0，δ）内单调增加（B）若f'(x)在（-δ，0）内单调减少   （C）对任意的x∈（0，δ）有f(x)>f(0) （D）对任意的x∈(-δ,0）有f(x)>f(0)    $eq?0%3Cf%27%28x_%7B0%7D%29%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Cto%20x_%7B0%7D%7D%5Cfrac%7Bf%28x%29-f%28x_%7B0%7D%29%7D%7Bx-x_%7B0%7D%7D$

   因此若 $eq?f%27%28x_%7B0%7D%29%3E0%2C$ 则存在δ>0

当 $eq?x%5Cin%20%28x_%7B0%7D-%5Cdelta%20%2Cx_%7B0%7D%29%2Cf%28x%29%3Cf%28x_%7B0%7D%29$

   当 $eq?x%5Cin%20%28x_%7B0%7D%20%2Cx_%7B0%7D+%5Cdelta%29%2Cf%28x%29%3Ef%28x_%7B0%7D%29$

   f'(x0)>0 不能推出 f(x)在x0某邻域内单增对于 f(x)=x+2*x^2*sin(1/x),x≠0,x＝0，时f(x)=0

   x≠0时 f'(x)=1+4*xsin(1/x)-2*cos(1/x)

只要x=1/2k*Π，f'(x)= -1<0

例题：设函数f(x)在x=x0处有二阶导数,则



（A）当f(x)在x0的某邻域内单调增加时，f'(x0)>0

可能存在等于0的点例如：f(x)=x^3

（B）当f'(x0)>0 ,则f(x)在x0的某邻域内单调增加

根据题中二阶导存在知，f'(x)连续，根据函数的保号性可知存在邻域，在该邻域内f'(x)>0

（C）当f(x)在x0的某邻域内是凹函数时，f''(x0)>0

可能存在等于0的点例如：f(x)=x^4

（D）当f''(x0)>0时，f(x)在x0的某邻域内是凹函数

  一点处的导数值不能决定函数形状

二极限

(一)极限的概念

1.数列极限

$eq?%5Clim_%7Bn%5Cto%20+%5Cinfty%20%7Da_n%3DA$

$eq?%5Cforall%20%5Cvarepsilon%20%3E0%2C%5Cexists%20N%3E0$ ，当n>N， $eq?%7Ca_n-A%7C%3C%5Cvarepsilon$ 2.函数极限

   lim f(x)= A:
$eq?%5Cforall$ ε>0, $eq?%5Cexists$ δ(ε)>0，当0<|x- x0|<δ时,If(x)-A|<ε.
   1)局部有界性
       若 $eq?%5Clim_%7Bx%5Cto%20x_0%7Df%28x%29$ 存在，则f(x) 在点xo某去心邻域内有界; 若f(X)存在，则f(X)在点xo某去心邻域内有界；

2)保号性,设lim f(x)=A
(1)若A>0,则 $eq?%5Cexists%20%5Cdelta%20%3E0$ ，当x∈U $eq?%28x_0%2C%5Cdelta%20%29$ 时，f(x)> 0;
(2)如果当x∈U $eq?%28x_0%2C%5Cdelta%20%29$ 时，f(x)≥0,那么A≥0.

3)保序性:

设 $eq?%5Clim_%7Bx%5Cto%20x_0%7Df%28x%29%3DA%2C%5Clim_%7Bx%5Cto%20x_0%7Dg%28x%29%3DB$ 则
（1）若A>B→ $eq?%5Cexists%20%5Cdelta%20%3E0$ ，当x∈U $eq?%28x_0%2C%5Cdelta%20%29$ 当时,f(x)> g(x).

（2）若 $eq?%5Cexists%20%5Cdelta%20%3E0$ ，当x∈U $eq?%28x_0%2C%5Cdelta%20%29$ 时f(x)≥g(x),A≥B

（二）求极限

若f(x)在x=0的某邻域内连续，且 x→0时f(x)是x的‘m阶无穷小，φ(x)是x的n阶无穷小
则当x→0时,F(x)= $eq?%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B%5Cvarphi%20%28x%29%7Df%28t%29dt$ 是 x的n(m+ 1)阶无穷小

(一)连续的概念
(二)间断点及其类型
(三)连续函数的性质

1）连续函数的和、差、积、商(分母不为零)及复合仍为连续函数;

2）初等函数在其定义区间内处处连续

3）推论:若f(x)在[a,b]上连续，则f(x)在[a,b]上可取到介于它在[a,b] 上最小值与最大值之间的-一切值.
4）零点定理若f(x)在[a,b]上连续，且f(a). f(b) <0,则必 $eq?%5Cexists$ ξ∈(a,b)，使f(ξ)=0.
定理

[例]设f(x) 在[0,1] 连续，f(0)= f(1),)求证: $eq?%5Cexists$ ξ∈[0,1], 使f(ξ+1/4)=f(ξ)

证明：令F(x)=f(x+1/4)-f(x)，x∈[0,3/4]

F(0)=f(1/4)-f(0)

F(1/4)=f(1/2)-f(1/4)

  F(1/2)=f(3/4)-f(1/2)

  F(3/4)=f(1)-f(3/4)

F(0)+F(1/4)+F(1/2)+F(3/4)=f(1)-f(0)=0

若F(x)在[0,3/4]，上无零点，则根据F(x)在定义域上连续F(x)恒大于0或恒小于0，则不符合等式故，存在

1.记 $eq?f%28x%29%3D27x%5E3+5x%5E2-2$ 的反函数为 $eq?f%5E%7B-1%7D$ ，求极限 $eq?%5Clim_%7Bx%5Cto%20%5Cinfty%20%7D%5Cfrac%7Bf%5E%7B-1%7D%2827x%29-f%5E%7B-1%7D%28x%29%7D%7B%5Csqrt%5B3%5D%7Bx%7D%7D$

x趋于无穷，那么 $eq?f%5E%7B-1%7D$ 可近似看作 $eq?f%5E%7B-1%7D%28x%29%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%7D%5Csqrt%5B3%5Dx$



2. $eq?%5Clim_%7Bx%5Cto%20%5Cinfty%20%7D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7Dt%7Csint%7Cdt$

令 $eq?an%3D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bn%5Cpi%20%7Dt%7Csint%7Cdt$

$eq?an%3D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bn%5Cpi%20%7Dt%7Csint%7Cdt%3D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bn%5Cpi%20%7D%28n%5Cpi-u%29%7Csin%28n%5Cpi-u%29%7Cdu$    $eq?%3Dn%5Cpi%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bn%5Cpi%7D%7Csinu%7Cdu-%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bn%5Cpi%7Du%7Csinu%7Cdu%3Dn%5Cpi%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bn%5Cpi%7D%7Csinu%7Cdu-an$

所以 $eq?an%3Dn%5E2%5Cpi$

因为： $eq?n%5Cpi%20%5Cleq%20x%5Cleq%20%28n+1%5Cpi%20%29$

所以： $eq?%5Cfrac%7Bn%5E2%5Cpi%20%7D%7Bn%5E2%5Cpi%20%5E2%7D%5Cleq%20%5Clim_%7Bx%5Cto%20%5Cinfty%20%7D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7Dt%7Csint%7Cdt%5Cleq%20%5Cfrac%7Bn%5E2%5Cpi%20%7D%7B%28n+1%29%5E2%5Cpi%20%5E2%7D$

原极限 $eq?%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cpi%7D$

3. $eq?%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B+%5Cinfty%7De%5E%7B-2x%7D%7Csinx%7Cdx$

原式 $eq?%3D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B%5Cpi%7De%5E%7B-2x%7D%7Csinx%7Cdx+%5Cint_%7B%5Cpi%7D%5E%7B+%5Cinfty%7De%5E%7B-2x%7D%7Csinx%7Cdx$

令 $eq?%5Cint_%7B%5Cpi%7D%5E%7B+%5Cinfty%7De%5E%7B-2x%7D%7Csinx%7Cdx%3D%5Clim_%7Ba%5Cto%20+%5Cinfty%7D%5Cint_%7B%5Cpi%7D%5E%7Ba%7De%5E%7B-2x%7D%7Csinx%7Cdx$

$eq?t%3Dx-%5Cpi%2Cdt%3Ddx%2Cx%3D%5Cpi+t$       $eq?%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cbegin%7Bvmatrix%7D%20%28e%5E%7B-2x%7D%29%27%20%26sin%27x%20%5C%5C%20e%5E%7B-2x%7D%26sinx%20%5Cend%7Bvmatrix%7D%5E%5Cpi_0%7D%7B%28-2%29%5E2+1%5E2%7D%20+%5Clim_%7Ba%5Cto%20+%5Cinfty%7D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Ba-%5Cpi%7De%5E%7B-2%28%5Cpi+t%29%7D%7Csint%7Cdt$ 所以原极限 $eq?%3D%5Cfrac%7B1+e%5E%7B-2%5Cpi%7D%7D%7B5%281-e%5E%7B-2%5Cpi%7D%29%7D$

拉普拉斯

f(x)以T为周期，则 $eq?%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B+%5Cinfty%7De%5E%7BSx%7Df%28x%29dx%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B1-e%5E%7B-ST%7D%7D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7BT%7De%5E%7B-Sx%7Df%28x%29dx$

3. $eq?%5Clim_%7Bx%5Cto%200%7D%5Cfrac%7Be%5E%7B%281+x%29%5E%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%7D-%281+x%29%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7Be%7D%7Bx%7D%7D%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D$

                 $eq?%5Cfrac%7Be%5E%7Be%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%20%281+x%29%7D%7Bx%7D%7D%7D-e%5E%5Cfrac%7Be%5Cln%281+x%29%7D%7Bx%7D%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D%3De%5E%7Be%7D%5Cfrac%7Be%5E%7Be%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%20%281+x%29%7D%7Bx%7D%7D-%5Cfrac%7Be%5Cln%281+x%29%7D%7Bx%7D%7D-1%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D%20%3De%5Ee%5Cfrac%7Be%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%20%281+x%29%7D%7Bx%7D%7D-%5Cfrac%7Be%5Cln%20%281+x%29%7D%7Bx%7D%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D$ $eq?e%5E%7B%28e+1%29%7D%5Cfrac%7Be%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%20%281+x%29%7D%7Bx%7D-1%7D-%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%20%281+x%29%7D%7Bx%7D%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D%20%3De%5E%7B%28e+1%29%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5B1+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%20%281+x%29%7D%7Bx%7D-1+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%21%7D%7B%28%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%20%281+x%29%7D%7Bx%7D-1%29%5E2%7D%5D-%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%20%281+x%29%7D%7Bx%7D%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D$ $eq?e%5E%7B%28e+1%29%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%21%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dx%29%5E2%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B8%7De%5E%7B%28e+1%29%7D$

导数

（一）导数的概念

例题：设 $eq?f%28x%29$ 在 $eq?%28%5Cfrac%7B-%5Cpi%20%7D%7B2a%7D%7B%7D%2C%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%20%7D%7B2a%7D%29%28a%3E0%29$ 内有定义，且 $eq?f%27%280%29%3Da$ ，又对任意的 $eq?x%2Cy%2Cx+y%5Cin%20%28%5Cfrac%7B-%5Cpi%7D%7B2a%7D%2C%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B2a%7D%29$ 有 $eq?f%28x+y%29%3D%5Cfrac%7Bf%28x%29+f%28y%29%7D%7B1-f%28x%29f%28y%29%7D$ ，求f(x)

令x=y=0 => f(0)=0 $eq?%5Clim_%7B%5CDelta%20x%5Cto%200%7Df%27%28x%29%3D%5Cfrac%7Bf%28x+%5CDelta%20x%29-f%28x%29%7D%7B%5CDelta%20x%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cfrac%7Bf%28x%29+f%28%5CDelta%20x%29%7D%7B1-f%28x%29f%28%5CDelta%20x%29%7D-f%28x%29%7D%7B%5CDelta%20x%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7Bf%28%5CDelta%20x%29%7D%7B%5CDelta%20x%7D%7B%281+f%5E2%28x%29%29%7D$ $eq?f%27%28x%29%3Da%5B1+f%5E2%28x%29%5D%2C%5Cfrac%7Bf%27%28x%29%7D%7B1+f%5E2%28x%29%7D%3Da%20%2Cf%280%29%3D0%3D%3Ef%28x%29%3Dtanax$

（二）微分的概念

若 $eq?%5CDelta%20y%3Df%28x_0+%5CDelta%20x%29-f%28x_0%29%3DA%5CDelta%20x+%5Ccirc%20%28%5CDelta%20x%29$

线性主部+变化量的△x的高阶无穷小

则称f(x)在x0处可微，记A△x为微分，dy=A△x dx

函数在某点可微的充分必要条件为f(x)在该点处可导

驻点：

1）一阶导函数图像

（1）函数值为0（2）函数值正负性改变(极值点)

拐点

1）一阶导函数图像

（1）曲线单调性改变（2）曲线图像极值点

例题：函数f(x)有连续导数，且满足 $eq?f%28x%29+3%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B3%7Df%28t%29dt%3D%5Cfrac%7B3%7D%7B2%7Dx%5E2+%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7B3%7D$ ,f(x)必存在

   $eq?f%27%28x%29+3f%28x%29%3D3x%2Cf%27%27%28x%29+3f%27%28x%29%3D3$ 令 $eq?f%27%28x%29%3D0%2Cf%27%27%28x%29%3D3%3E0$ $eq?f%28x%29%3De%5E%7B-%5Cint%203dx%7D%5B3xe%5E%7B%5Cint%203dx%7D+C%5D%2Cf%280%29%3D%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7B3%7D%20%3D%3Ef%28x%29%3Dx-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%7D+e%5E%7B-3x%7D$

$eq?f%27%28x%29%3D1-3e%5E%7B-3x%7D$ ， $eq?x%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%7D%5Cln%203$ ,极大值点



设函数f(x)在[a,b]上连续，在(a,b)上可导，且f(a)=a,f(b)=b

（1）至少存在一点 $eq?%5Cxi%20%5Cin%28a%2Cb%29$ ，使得 $eq?f%28%5Cxi%29%3Da+b-%5Cxi$

设F(x)=f(x)+x， $eq?F%28a%29%3D2a%5Cleq%20a+b%5Cleq%202b%3DF%28b%29$

根据连续函数的介值定理知道，必存在一点 $eq?%5Cxi$ 使得                                                                         $eq?F%28a%29%5Cleq%20F%28%5Cxi%29%3Da+b%5Cleq%20F%28b%29$

（2)至少存在两个不同点 $eq?%5Ceta_1%2C%5Ceta_2%20%5Cin%28a%2Cb%29$ ，使得 $eq?f%27%28%5Ceta_1%29f%27%28%5Ceta_2%29%3D1$

以 $eq?%5Cxi$ 为分界 $eq?f%27%28%5Ceta_1%29%3D%5Cfrac%7Bf%28a%29-f%28%5Cxi%29%7D%7Ba-%5Cxi%7D%2Cf%27%28%5Ceta_2%29%3D%5Cfrac%7Bf%28%5Cxi%29-f%28b%29%7D%7B%5Cxi-b%7D$

  由 $eq?f%28%5Cxi%29%3Da+b-%5Cxi$ 得 $eq?f%27%28%5Ceta_1%29f%27%28%5Ceta_2%29%3D%5Cfrac%7Ba+b-%5Cxi-a%7D%7B%5Cxi-a%7D.%5Cfrac%7Bb-a-b+%5Cxi%7D%7Bb-%5Cxi%7D%3D1$

（3）至少存在一点 $eq?%5Cxi_1%5Cin%28a%2Cb%29$ ，使得 $eq?f%27%28%5Cxi_1%29+f%28%5Cxi_1%29-%5Cxi_1%3D1$

构造函数 $eq?F%28x%29%3De%5Ex%5Bf%28x%29-x%5D$ ，有 $eq?F%28a%29%3DF%28b%29%3D0$

求导： $eq?F%27%28x%29%3De%5Ex%5Bf%28x%29-x+f%27%28x%29-1%5D$

  根据罗尔定理可知，存在一点 $eq?%5Cxi_1%5Cin%28a%2Cb%29$ 使得 $eq?F%27%28%5Cxi_1%29%3D0$ 得证

设函数f(x)在[a,b]上二阶可导，且 $eq?f%27%27%28x%29$ 在[a,b]上恒大于或小于零，f(a)=f(b)=0

证明：存在两个不同的点 $eq?%5Cxi_1%2C%5Cxi_2%20%5Cin%28a%2Cb%29$ ，使得 $eq?2%5Bf%27%28%5Cxi_i%29%5D%5E2+f%28%5Cxi_i%29f%27%27%28%5Cxi_i%29%3D0$

令 $eq?F%28x%29%3Df%5E2%28x%29f%27%28x%29$ ， $eq?F%27%28x%29%3D2f%28x%29f%27%5E2%28x%29+f%5E2%28x%29f%27%27%28x%29$

因为   $eq?F%28a%29%3DF%28b%29%3D0$ 根据罗尔定理可知：存在一点 $eq?%5Cxi%20%5Cin%20%28a%2Cb%29$ ，使得 $eq?F%27%28%5Cxi%29%3D0$

  以 $eq?%5Cxi$ 为分界点，将区间分为 $eq?%28a%2C%5Cxi%29%2C%28%5Cxi%2Cb%29$ ，有 $eq?F%28a%29%3DF%28%5Cxi%29%3DF%28b%29%3D0$

再次使用罗尔定理可知存在两点 $eq?%5Cxi_1%5Cin%28a%2C%5Cxi%29%2C%5Cxi_2%5Cin%28%5Cxi%2Cb%29$ ，使得              $eq?F%27%28%5Cxi_1%29%3DF%27%28%5Cxi_2%29%3D0$

设f(x)在[a,b]上二阶可导，且 $eq?f%27%28a%29%3Df%27%28b%29%3D0$ ，证明存在 $eq?%5Cxi%20%5Cin%28a%2Cb%29$ 使得 $eq?%7Cf%27%27%28%5Cxi%29%7C%5Cgeq%20%5Cfrac%7B4%7D%7B%28b-a%29%5E2%7D%7Cf%28b%29-f%28a%29%7C$

     将函数a,b处展开 $eq?f%28x%29%3Df%28a%29+f%27%28a%29%28x-a%29+%5Cfrac%7Bf%27%27%28%5Cxi_1%29%7D%7B2%21%7D%28x-a%29%5E2$    $eq?f%28x%29%3Df%28b%29+f%27%28b%29%28x-b%29+%5Cfrac%7Bf%27%27%28%5Cxi_2%29%7D%7B2%21%7D%28x-b%29%5E2$    令 $eq?x%3D%5Cfrac%7Ba+b%7D%7B2%7D$ ，两式相减得到 $eq?f%28b%29-f%28a%29+%5Cfrac%7B%28b-a%29%5E2%7D%7B8%7D%5Bf%27%27%28%5Cxi_2%29-f%27%27%28%5Cxi_1%29%5D%3D0$

  所以   $eq?%5Cfrac%7B4%7Cf%28b%29-f%28a%29%7C%7D%7B%28b-a%29%5E2%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Bf%27%27%28%5Cxi_2%29-f%27%27%28%5Cxi_1%29%5D%5Cleq%20%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5B%7Cf%27%27%28%5Cxi_1%29%7C+%7Cf%27%27%28%5Cxi_2%29%7C%5D$

若 $eq?f%27%27%28%5Cxi%29%3Dmax%20%5C%7B%7Cf%27%28%5Cxi_1%29%7C%2C%7Cf%27%27%28%5Cxi_2%29%7C%5C%7D$

    那么 $eq?f%27%27%28%5Cxi%29%5Cgeq%20%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5B%7Cf%27%27%28%5Cxi_1%29%7C+%7Cf%27%27%28%5Cxi_2%29%7C%5D%5Cgeq%20%5Cfrac%7B4%7Cf%28b%29-f%28a%29%7C%7D%7B%28b-a%29%5E2%7D$

设f(x)在区间[0,+∞)，内具有二阶导数，且|f(x)|≤1，0<|f''(x)|≤2（0≤x<+∞）

证明： $eq?%7Cf%27%28x%29%7C%5Cleq%202%5Csqrt2$

                 $eq?f%28x+h%29%3Df%28x%29+f%27%28x%29h+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%21%7Df%27%27%28%5Cxi%29h%5E2$ $eq?f%27%28x%29%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bh%7D%5Bf%28x+h%29-f%28x%29%5D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Df%27%27%28%5Cxi%29h%5Cleq%20%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7Bh%7D+h%5Cleq%202%5Csqrt2$

设一质点在单位时间内由A从静止作直线运动到B停止，A，B两点间距离为1

证明：该质点在(0,1)内总有一时刻得加速度的绝对值不小于4

设y(t)是关于距离y对时间t的函数， $eq?y%280%29%3Dy%27%280%29%3Dy%27%281%29%3D0%2Cy%281%29%3D1$ $eq?y%28t%29%3Dy%28t_0%29+y%27%28t_0%29%28t-t_0%29+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%21%7Dy%27%27%28%5Cxi%29%28t-t_0%29%5E2$

令t=1/2，分贝在t=0，t=1处展开    $eq?y%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%29%3Dy%280%29+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dy%27%280%29+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B8%7Dy%27%27%28%5Cxi_1%29$    $eq?y%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%29%3Dy%281%29-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7Dy%27%281%29+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B8%7Dy%27%27%28%5Cxi%29$

所以有： $eq?f%27%27%28%5Cxi_1%29-f%27%27%28%5Cxi_2%29%3D8$    $eq?f%27%27%28%5Cxi%29%3Dmin%5C%7B%7Cf%27%27%28%5Cxi_1%29%2Cf%27%27%28%5Cxi_2%29%7C%5C%7D%5Cgeq%204$

设函数f(x)在[-2,2]上二阶可导，且|f(x)|≤1，又 $eq?f%5E2%280%29+f%27%5E2%280%29%3D4$

证明：在(-2,2)上至少存在一点 $eq?%5Cxi$ ，使得 $eq?f%28%5Cxi%29+f%27%27%28%5Cxi%29%3D0$

    $eq?f%280%29-f%28-2%29%3D2f%27%28%5Cxi_1%29$ ， $eq?f%282%29-f%280%29%3D2f%27%28%5Cxi_2%29$

   由|f(x)|≤1，知 $eq?f%27%28%5Cxi_1%29%5Cleq%201%3Bf%27%28%5Cxi_2%29%5Cleq1$

令 $eq?F%28x%29%3Df%5E2%28x%29+f%27%5E2%28x%29%2CF%28%5Cxi_1%29%5Cleq2%2CF%27%28%5Cxi_2%29%5Cleq2$ 因为F(x)在 $eq?%5B%5Cxi_1%2C%5Cxi_2%5D$ 上连续，且F(0)=4，设F(x)在 $eq?%5B%5Cxi_1%2C%5Cxi_2%5D$ 上的最大值在

$eq?%5Cxi%20%5Cin%28%5Cxi_1%2C%5Cxi_2%29%5Csubset%20%28-2%2C2%29$ 处取到，则 $eq?F%28%5Cxi%29%5Cgeq%204$ 且F(x)在 $eq?%5B%5Cxi_1%2C%5Cxi_2%5D$ 上可导

   由费马定理有 $eq?F%27%28%5Cxi%29%3D0$ 即         $eq?2f%28%5Cxi%29f%27%28%5Cxi%29+2f%27%28%5Cxi%29f%27%27%28%5Cxi%29%3D0$

因为|f(x)|≤1,且 $eq?F%28%5Cxi%29%5Cgeq%204$ ，所以 $eq?f%27%28%5Cxi%29%5Cneq0$ ，于是就有 $eq?f%28%5Cxi%29+f%27%27%28%5Cxi%29%3D0%2C%5Cxi%20%5Cin%28-2%2C2%29$

（三）导数与微分的几何意义

导数：切线的斜率

微分：切线上的增量

函数在某点处可导的充要条件：

$eq?%5Clim_%7Bx%5Cto%20x_0%5E%7B+%7D%7D%5Cfrac%7Bf%28x%29-f%28x_0%29%7D%7Bx-x_0%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Cto%20x_0%5E%7B-%7D%7D%5Cfrac%7Bf%28x%29-f%28x_0%29%7D%7Bx-x_0%7D%3DC$

$eq?%5Clim_%7B%5CDelta%20x%5Cto%200%5E%7B+%7D%7D%5Cfrac%7Bf%28x+%5CDelta%20x%29-f%28x%29%7D%7B%5CDelta%20x%7D%3D%5Clim_%7B%5CDelta%20x%5Cto%200%5E%7B-%7D%7D%5Cfrac%7Bf%28x+%5CDelta%20x%29-f%28x%29%7D%7B%5CDelta%20x%7D%3DC$

即（1）存在

（2）变化量既可以趋近0+也可以趋近0-

简言之，左右导数存在且相等

对于f(x)=φ(x)*|g(x)|形式，φ(x)可导，求f(x)的不可导点

只要在g(x)=0的点处φ(x)≠0，即为不可导点

设f(x)连续

   (1) 若f(x0)≠0, 则|f(x0)|在x0处可导<=>f(x)在x0处可导
   (2)若f(x0)=0,则f(x0)|在x0处可导<=>f'(x0)=0

设 $eq?f%28x%29%3D%5Cleft%5C%7B%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D%20e%5E%7Bx%5E2%7D+x%5E2%20%2C%26x%5Cneq0%20%5C%5C%200%2C%26x%3D0%20%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D%5Cright.$ ，则 $eq?%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7Df%28t%29dt$ 是（A）

（A）可导的奇函数

（B）连续，但在x=0处不可导的奇函数

（C）可导的偶函数

（D）连续，但在x=0处不可导的偶函数

$eq?%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7Df%28t%29dt$ 的导函数在0处的左右导数存在且相等，故可导

(三)导数的应用

1.求渐近线

求某函数的斜渐近线：

一般方法： $eq?%5Clim_%7Bx%5Cto%5Cpropto%20%7D%5Cfrac%7Bf%28x%29%7D%7Bx%7D%3Dk%2C%5Clim_%7Bx%5Cto%5Cpropto%20%7Df%28x%29-kx%3Db$

由此可知：斜渐近线的形式为: $eq?y%3DAx+b$

故可将函数泰勒展开为： $eq?f%28x%29%3Df%28x_0%29+f%27%28x_0%29*x+%5Ccirc%20%28x%29$

2.方程根的个数即存在性

1）存在性：罗尔定理和零点定理

2）根的个数：单调性和罗尔定理推论

罗尔定理推论：若在区间 $eq?I$ 上 $eq?f%5E%7B%28n%29%7D%28x%29%5Cneq%200$ ，则方程 $eq?f%28x%29$ 在区间 $eq?I$ 上最多有n个根

证明：

反证法:设函数 $eq?f%28x%29$ 在区间 $eq?I$ 上有n+1个根，分别为 $eq?x_0%2Cx_1%2Cx_2....x_n$

那么根据罗尔定理可知：每两个根之间必存在 $eq?%5Cxi%20_n$ 使得 $eq?f%27%28%5Cxi_n%29%3D0$

继续 $eq?%5Cxi%20_n$ 对使用罗尔定理知道每两个 $eq?%5Cxi$ 之间必存在一点 $eq?%5Ceta$ 使得 $eq?f%27%28%5Ceta%20_n%29%3D0$

以此类推得

$eq?%5Cexists%20x%2Cf%5E%7B%28n%29%7D%28x%29%3D0$ ，故假设不成立，得证

例题设f(x)在[1,2]连续，(1,2)可导且f(1)=1/2，f(2)=2,证明 $eq?%5Cexists%20%5Cxi%5Cin%281%2C2%29%2Cf%27%28%5Cxi%29%3D%5Cfrac%7B2f%28%5Cxi%29%7D%7B%5Cxi%7D$

1）分析法

    $eq?xf%28x%29-2f%28x%29%3D0$

    $eq?%5Cfrac%7Bf%27%28x%29%7D%7Bf%28x%29%7D-%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7Bx%7D%3D0$ $eq?%5B%5Cln%20f%28x%29%5D%27-%5B%5Cln%20x%5E2%5D%27%20%3D%5B%5Cln%20%5Cfrac%7Bf%28x%29%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D%5D%27%3D0$

  令 $eq?F%28x%29%3D%5Cfrac%7Bf%28x%29%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D$ ，即证F'(x)存在零点

F(1)=F(2)=1/2,故存在一点 $eq?%5Cxi%20%5Cin%20%281%2C2%29%2CF%27%28%5Cxi%29%3D0$

2)微分方程法

       $eq?y%27%3D%5Cfrac%7B2y%7D%7Bx%7D$

          $eq?%5Cint%20%5Cfrac%7By%27%7D%7By%7Ddy%3D%5Cint%20%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7Bx%7Ddx$

          $eq?%5Cln%20y%3DC%5Cln%20x%5E2$

          $eq?%5Cln%5Cfrac%7By%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D%3DC$

令 $eq?F%28x%29%3D%5Cfrac%7Bf%28x%29%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D$ ，即证F'(x)存在零点

F(1)=F(2)=1/2,故存在一点 $eq?%5Cxi%20%5Cin%20%281%2C2%29%2CF%27%28%5Cxi%29%3D0$

总结可得对于求证：

   $eq?f%27%28x%29+%5Clambda%20f%28x%29%3D0$ ，构造辅助函数： $eq?F%28x%29%3De%5E%7B%5Clambda%20x%7Df%28x%29$ $eq?%5Calpha%20f%27%28x%29+%5Cbeta%20f%28x%29%3D0$ ，构造辅助函数： $eq?F%28x%29%3De%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cbeta%20%7D%7B%5Calpha%20%7D%20x%7Df%28x%29$

不定积分

（一）两个基本概念

原函数

不定积分

（二）原函数的存在性

1）如果函数 $eq?f%28x%29$ 在区间 $eq?I$ 上连续，则函数 $eq?f%28x%29$ 在区间 $eq?I$ 上必有原函数

2）如果函数 $eq?f%28x%29$ 在区间 $eq?I$ 上有第一类间断点，则函数 $eq?f%28x%29$ 在区间 $eq?I$ 上没有原函数

（三）不定积分的性质

$eq?d%5Cint%20f%28x%29dx%3Df%28x%29dx%2C%5Cint%20df%28x%29%3Df%28x%29+C$

（四）基本积分公式

（五）三种主要积分法

（六）三类常见可积函数的积分

1)有理函数积分

2）三角函数积分： $eq?%5Cint%20R%28sinx%2Ccosx%29dx$

（1）一般方法（万能代换）

令 $eq?tan%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7B2%7D%3Dt$ ， $eq?sinx%3D%5Cfrac%7B2t%7D%7B1+t%5E2%7D%2Ccosx%3D%5Cfrac%7B1-t%5E2%7D%7B1+t%5E2%7D%2Cdx%3D%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7B1+t%5E2%7Ddt$

3）简单无理积分 $eq?%5Cint%20R%28x%2C%5Csqrt%5Bn%5D%7B%5Cfrac%7Bax+b%7D%7Bcx+d%7D%7D%29dx$

令 $eq?%5Csqrt%5Bn%5D%7B%5Cfrac%7Bax+b%7D%7Bcx+d%7D%7D%3Dt$

定积分

（一）定积分的存在性

1）必要条件，f(x)有界

2）充分条件

（1）f(x)在区间[a,b]上连续

（2）f(x)在区间[a,b]有界且有有限个间断点

（3）f(x)在区间[a,b]仅有有限个第一类间断点

（二）定积分的计算

公式： $eq?%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B%5Cpi%20%7Dxf%28sinx%29dx%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%20%7D%7B2%7D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B%5Cpi%7Df%28sinx%29dx$

区间再现 $eq?%5Cint_%7Ba%7D%5E%7Bb%7Df%28x%29dx%5Coverset%7Bx%3Da+b-t%7D%7B%5Crightarrow%7D%3D%5Cint_%7Ba%7D%5E%7Bb%7Df%28a+b-t%29dt$

$eq?%5Cint%20%5Cfrac%7Ba%5C%3Asinx+b%5C%3Acosx%7D%7Bc%5C%3Asinx+d%5C%3Acosx%7Ddx%3D%5Cint%20%5Cfrac%7BA%28c%5C%3Acosx-d%5C%3Asinx%29+B%28c%5C%3Asinx+d%5C%3Acosx%29%7D%7Bc%5C%3Asinx+d%5C%3Acosx%7Ddx$

（三）变上限积分函数及其应用

（1）连续性：设f(x)在[a,b]上可积，则 $eq?%5Cint_%7Ba%7D%5E%7Bx%7Df%28t%29dt$ 在[a,b]上连续

（2）可导性：设f(x)在[a,b]上连续，则 $eq?%5Cint_%7Ba%7D%5E%7Bx%7Df%28t%29dt$ 在[a,b]上可导

如果f(x)在[a,b]上除了 $eq?x_0%5Cin%20%28a%2Cb%29$ 处，其余地方都连续

在x= $eq?x_0$ 处，原函数 $eq?F%28x%29%3D%5Cint_%7Ba%7D%5E%7Bx%7Df%28t%29dt$

1）f(x)连续 =>可导 $eq?F%27%28x_0%29%3Df%28x_0%29$

2） $eq?x_0$ 为可去间断点，则 $eq?F%27%28x_0%29%3D%5Clim_%7Bx%5Cto%20x_0%7Df%28x_0%29$

3） $eq?x_0$ 为跳跃间断点，则F(x)在 $eq?x_0$ 处连续不可导

①f(x)在[a,b]上连续 => $eq?%5Cint_%7Ba%7D%5E%7Bx%7Df%28t%29dt$ 是f(x)在[a,b]上的原函数

②f(x)在[a,b]上有第一类间断点 ≠> $eq?%5Cint_%7Ba%7D%5E%7Bx%7Df%28t%29dt$ 是f(x)在[a,b]上的原函数

          例题：设f(x)连续，且f(0)≠0，求极限 $eq?%5Clim_%7Bx%5Cto%200%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7Dtf%28x-t%29dt%7D%7Bx%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7Df%28x-t%29dt%7D$

① 令x-t=u，   $eq?%5Clim_%7Bx%5Cto%200%7D%5Cfrac%7Bx%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7Df%28u%29du-%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7Duf%28u%29du%7D%7Bx%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7Df%28u%29du%7D$

洛必达：    $eq?%5Clim_%7Bx%5Cto%200%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7Df%28u%29du+xf%28x%29-xf%28x%29%7D%7B%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7Df%28u%29du+xf%28x%29%7D$

微分中值： $eq?%5Clim_%7Bx%5Cto%200%7D%5Cfrac%7Bxf%28%5Cxi%20%29%7D%7Bxf%28%5Cxi%29+xf%28x%29%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D$

② 令x-t=u，   $eq?%5Clim_%7Bx%5Cto%200%7D%5Cfrac%7Bx%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7Df%28u%29du-%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7Duf%28u%29du%7D%7Bx%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7Df%28u%29du%7D$    $eq?1-%5Clim_%7Bx%5Cto%200%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7Duf%28u%29du%7D%7Bx%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7Df%28u%29du%7D$

等价代换：                 $eq?1-%5Clim_%7Bx%5Cto%200%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7Duf%280%29du%7D%7Bx%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7Df%280%29du%7D$     $eq?1-%5Clim_%7Bx%5Cto%200%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E2%7D%7B2%7Df%280%29%7D%7Bx%5E2f%280%29%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D$

证明积分不等式的常用方法：

1）定积分不等式性质

2）变量代换

3）积分中值

4）变上限积分

5）柯西积分不等式：

$eq?%28%5Cint_%7Ba%7D%5E%7Bb%7Df%28x%29g%28x%29dx%29%5E2%5Cleq%20%5Cint_%7Ba%7D%5E%7Bb%7Df%5E2%28x%29dx%5Cint_%7Ba%7D%5E%7Bb%7Dg%5E2%28x%29dx$

已知函数f(x)在区间[a,b]上连续且单调增加

证明： $eq?%5Cint_%7Ba%7D%5E%7Bb%7D%28%5Cfrac%7Bb-x%7D%7Bb-a%7D%29%5Enf%28x%29dx%5Cleq%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn+1%7D%5Cint_%7Ba%7D%5E%7Bb%7Df%28x%29dx$

令 $eq?F%28x%29%3D%28b-x%29%5En%5Cint_%7Bx%7D%5E%7Bb%7Df%28t%29dt-%28n+1%29%5Cint_%7Bx%7D%5E%7Bb%7D%28b-t%29%5Enf%28t%29dt$

                 $eq?F%27%28x%29%3D-n%28b-x%29%5E%7Bn-1%7D%5Cint_%7Bx%7D%5E%7Bb%7Df%28t%29dt-%28b-x%29%5Enf%28x%29+%28n+1%29%28b-x%29%5Enf%28x%29$

   $eq?%3Dn%28b-x%29%5En%5Bf%28x%29-f%28%5Cxi%29%5D%5Cleq%200%2C%5Cxi%20%5Cin%28x%2Cb%29$

因为F(b)=0，且F(x)单减，F(x)在[a,b]上恒大于0



证明不等式： $eq?%5Cln%20%28n+1%29%3C%201+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%7D+......+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%7D%3C1+%5Cln%20n$

由于         $eq?%5Cint_%7Bk%7D%5E%7Bk+1%7D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7Ddx%3C%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D%3C%5Cint_%7Bk%7D%5E%7Bk-1%7D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7Ddx$

所以         $eq?%5Cln%20%28n+1%29%3C%5Csum_%7Bk%3D1%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bk%7D%3C1+%5Cln%20n$

反常积分

（一）无穷区间上的反常积分

定义：定积分取极限 $eq?%5Cint_%7Ba%7D%5E%7B+%5Cinfty%20%7Df%28x%29dx%3D%5Clim_%7Bt%5Cto%20+%5Cinfty%7D%5Cint_%7Ba%7D%5E%7Bt%7Df%28x%29dx$

判别：

（1）比较审敛法

（2）比值审敛法

（3）p积分： $eq?%5Cint_%7Ba%7D%5E%7B+%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%5Ep%7Ddx%5Cleft%5C%7B%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D%20p%3E%201%20%26%20%5C%5C%20p%5Cleq%201%26%20%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D%5Cright.%28a%3E0%29$ 发散

（二）无界函数的反常积分

定义： $eq?%5Cint_%7Ba%7D%5E%7Bb%20%7Df%28x%29dx%3D%5Clim_%7Bt%5Cto%20a%5E+%7D%5Cint_%7Bt%7D%5E%7Bb%7Df%28x%29dx$

判别同上

p积分： $eq?%5Cint_%7Ba%7D%5E%7B+%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%5Ep%7Ddx%5Cleft%5C%7B%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D%20p%5Cgeq%201%20%26%20%5C%5C%20p%3C%201%26%20%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D%5Cright.$ 收敛

$eq?%5CGamma$ 函数

定义： $eq?%5CGamma%20%28s%29%3D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B+%5Cinfty%7Dx%5E%7Bs-1%7De%5E%7B-x%7Dds%2Cs%3E0$ 收敛

递推公式： $eq?%5CGamma%20%28s+1%29%3Ds%5CGamma%20%28s%29%20%3D%3E%20%5CGamma%20%28n+1%29%3Dn%21$

几何应用

平面区域由r=r(θ)，θ=α，θ=β围成

面积： $eq?S%3D%5Cint_%7B%5Calpha%20%7D%5E%7B%5Cbeta%20%7Dd%5Ctheta%20%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Br%28%5Ctheta%20%29%7Drdr$

旋转体体积

封闭区域D绕区域外直线ax+by+c=0旋转所得旋转体体积

区域D上某点到旋转轴得距离: $eq?r%28x%2Cy%29%3D%5Cfrac%7B%7Cax+by+c%7C%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7Ba%5E2+b%5E2%7D%7D$

旋转体体积: $eq?V%3D2%5Cpi%20%5Ciint_%7BD%7Dr%28x%2Cy%29d%5Csigma$

（1）取区域D上一极小区域 $eq?%5Csigma$ ，绕旋转轴旋转得一圆环体积（2）再次对D区域所有小 $eq?%5Csigma$ 积分得体积

曲线弧长

旋转体侧面积

$eq?S%3D2%5Cpi%20%5Cint_%7Ba%7D%5E%7Bb%7Df%28x%29ds%3D2%5Cpi%20%5Cint_%7Ba%7D%5E%7Bb%7D%5Csqrt%7B1+f%27%5E2%28x%29%7Ddx$

（1）取曲线上极小一段弧s，绕旋转轴旋转得一圆环面积（2）再次对S上所有小s积分可得所有小s得面积和

物理应用

常微分方程

（一）常微分方程的基本概念

（二）一阶微分方程

1.可分离变量方程

2.齐次方程

$eq?y%27%3Df%28%5Cfrac%7By%7D%7Bx%7D%29%2C%5Ctfrac%7By%7D%7Bx%7D%3Du%2Cy%27%3Du+xu%27$

3.线性方程

$eq?y%27+P%28x%29y%3DQ%28x%29$

通解为： $eq?y%3De%5E%7B-%5Cint%20P%28x%29dx%7D%5B%5Cint%20Q%28x%29e%5E%7B%5Cint%20P%28x%29dx%7D+C%5D$

4.伯努利方程

$eq?y%27+P%28x%29y%3DQ%28x%29y%5E%5Calpha$

令 $eq?y%5E%7B1-%5Calpha%20%7D%3Dt%2Cy%5E%7B-%5Calpha%20%7Dy%27%3Dt%27$

等式两边同除于 $eq?y%5E%5Calpha$ ： $eq?y%5E%7B-%5Calpha%20%7Dy%27+P%28x%29y%5E%7B1-%5Calpha%20%7D%3DQ%28x%29$

最终化为关于t的一阶线性方程： $eq?t%27+P%28x%29t%3DQ%28x%29$

5.全微分方程

$eq?P%28x%2Cy%29dx+Q%28x%2Cy%29dy%3D0$

判定： $eq?%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20P%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20Q%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7D$

（三）可降阶的高阶方程

1） $eq?y%27%27%3Df%28x%29$

2） $eq?y%27%27%3Df%28x%2Cy%27%29$

令 $eq?y%27%3Dp%2Cy%27%27%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cmathrm%7Bd%7D%20p%7D%7B%5Cmathrm%7Bd%7D%20x%7D$

3） $eq?y%27%27%3Df%28y%2Cy%27%29$

令 $eq?y%27%3Dp%2Cy%27%27%3D%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdx%7D%5Cfrac%7Bdp%7D%7Bdy%7D%3Dp%5Cfrac%7Bdp%7D%7Bdy%7D$

（四）高阶线性微分方程

  1.线性微分方程的解的结构
   齐次方程
  y"+ p(x)y' +q(x)y=0        (1)
  非齐次方程

y" + p(x)y' +q(x)y= f(x) (2)
定理1：如果 $eq?y_1%28x%29$ 和 $eq?y_2%28x%29$ 是齐次方程(1)的两个线性无关的特解，那么 $eq?y%3DC_1y_1%28x%29+C_2y_2%28x%29$ 为该方程通解

定理2：如果 $eq?y%5E*$ 是非齐次方程(2)的一个特解，那么 $eq?y%3DC_1y_1%28x%29+C_2y_2%28x%29+y%5E*%28x%29$ 为该方程通解

定理3：如果 $eq?y%5E*_1%28x%29$ 和 $eq?y%5E*_2%28x%29$ 是非齐次方程(1)的两个线性无关的特解，那么 $eq?y%3Dy%5E*_1%28x%29-y%5E*_2%28x%29$ 为齐次方程的解

定理4：如果 $eq?y%5E*_1%28x%29$ 和 $eq?y%5E*_2%28x%29$ 分别是非齐次方程

$eq?y%27%27+p%28x%29y%27+q%28x%29y%3Df_1%28x%29$

$eq?y%27%27+p%28x%29y%27+q%28x%29y%3Df_2%28x%29$

那么： $eq?y%5E*_1%28x%29+y%5E*_2%28x%29$ 为 $eq?y%27%27+p%28x%29y%27+q%28x%29y%3Df_1%28x%29+f_1%28x%29$ 的一个特解
2.常系数线性微分方程

3.常系数非齐次线性微分方程

4.欧拉方程

形式： $eq?x%5Eny%5E%7B%28n%29%7D+a_1x%5E%7Bn-1%7Dy%5E%7Bn-1%7D+......+a_%7Bn-1%7Dxy%27+a_ny%3Df%28x%29$

令 $eq?x%3De%5Et%2Cdx%3De%5Etdt%3Dxdt%2C%5Cfrac%7Bdx%7D%7Bdt%7D%3Dx$

（1） $eq?%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdx%7D%5Cfrac%7Bdx%7D%7Bdt%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdt%7D%3Dxy%27$

（2） $eq?%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E2y%7D%7Bdtdx%7D%5Cfrac%7Bdx%7D%7Bdt%7D%3D%28xy%27+y%27%27%29x%3D%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E2y%7D%7Bdt%5E2%7D$ $eq?%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E2y%7D%7Bdt%5E2%7D%3Dx%5E2y%27%27+xy%27%3Dx%5E2y%27%27+%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdt%7D$

$eq?%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E2y%7D%7Bdt%5E2%7D-%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdt%7D%3Dx%5E2y%27%27$

以此类推，设D为y对t的求导，则有 $eq?x%5Eky%5E%7B%28k%29%7D%3DD%28D-1%29......%28D-k+1%29y$

设p(x)在区间[a,b]上连续，y(x)在区间[a,b]上有二阶导数，且满足

y''(x)+p(x)y'(x)-y(x)=0，y(a)=y(b)=0

则在[a,b]上y(x)

y(a)=y(b)=0，若存在极大值点x，则有y''(x)-y(x)=0，y''(x)>0，不符合

同理，若存在极小值点x，则有y''(x)-y(x)=0，y''(x)<0，不符合

故y(x)在[a,b]上既没有正的极大值也没有负的极小值



微分方程 $eq?%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdx%7D+%5Cfrac%7By%7D%7Bx%7D%3D2y%5E2%5Cln%20x$ 满足初始条件 $eq?y%7C_%7Bx%3De%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Be%7D$ 的特解为

令 $eq?t%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7By%7D%2Cdt%3D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7By%5E2%7Ddy$ ，原式化为 $eq?-%5Cfrac%7Bdt%7D%7Bdx%7D+%5Cfrac%7Bt%7D%7Bx%7D%3D2%5Cln%20x$

                 $eq?t%3De%5E%7B%5Cint%20%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7Ddx%7D%5B%5Cint%20-2%5Cln%20%28x%29e%5E%7B%5Cint%20-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7Ddx%7D+C%5D$

             $eq?y%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2x-x%5Cln%5E2%20x%7D$

微分方程 $eq?%28y%5E2-2x%29dy-ydx%3D0$ 满足x=1时y=2的特解是

                 $eq?%5Cfrac%7Bdx%7D%7Bdy%7D+2%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7By%7D%3Dy%2Cx%3De%5E%7B-%5Cint%20%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7By%7Ddx%7D%5B%5Cint%20ye%5E%7B%5Cint%20%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7By%7Ddx%7D+C%5D%3D%3Ey%3D2%5Csqrt%20x$

微分方程 $eq?%28y%5E2+1%29dx%3Dy%28y-2x%29dy$ 的通解是

                 $eq?y%5E2dx+2xydy%3Dy%5E2dy-dx%3D%3Exy%5E2%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%7Dy%5E3-x+C$

微分方程 $eq?%281+e%5E%7B-%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7By%7D%7D%29ydx+%28y-x%29dy%3D0$ 的通解

令 $eq?%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7By%7D%3Du%2C%5Cfrac%7Bdx%7D%7Bdy%7D%3Du+y%5Cfrac%7Bdu%7D%7Bdy%7D$ ，原式化为 $eq?%5Cfrac%7B%7D%7B%7D$ $eq?%5Cfrac%7Bdu%7D%7Bdy%7D%3D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7By%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1+ue%5E%7B-u%7D%7D%7B1+e%5E%7B-u%7D%7D%29$

                 $eq?%5Cfrac%7Be%5Eu+1%7D%7Be%5Eu+u%7Ddu%3D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7By%7Ddy%5CRightarrow%20e%5Eu+u%3D%5Cfrac%7BC%7D%7By%7D%5CRightarrow%20x+ye%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7By%7D%7D%3DC$

微分方程 $eq?3e%5Extanydx+%281-e%5Ex%29sec%5E2ydy%3D0$ 的通解是

                 $eq?3tanyd%28e%5Ex-1%29%3D%28e%5Ex-1%29d%28tany%29%5CRightarrow%203%5Cfrac%7Bd%28e%5Ex-1%29%7D%7Be%5Ex-1%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7Bd%28tany%29%7D%7Btany%7D$

所以 $eq?tany%3DC%28e%5Ex-1%29%5E3$

微分方程 $eq?ydx-xdy%3Dx%5E2ydy%5CRightarrow%20ydy%3D%5Cfrac%7Bydx-xdy%7D%7Bx%5E2%7D%5CRightarrow%20%5Cfrac%7By%5E2%7D%7B2%7D+%5Cfrac%7By%7D%7Bx%7D%3DC$



设函数y=f(x)满足方程 $eq?y%27%27+2y%27+y%3D3xe%5E%7B-x%7D%2Cy%280%29%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B3%7D%2Cy%27%280%29%3D-2$

求反常积分 $eq?%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B+%5Cinfty%7Df%28x%29dx$

由 $eq?%28r+1%29%5E2%3D0%5CRightarrow%20r_1%3Dr_2%3D-1$ 可设 $eq?f%28x%29%3D%28ax%5E3+bx%5E2+c_1x+c_2%29e%5E%7B-x%7D$

根据表达式可知 $eq?%5Clim_%7Bx%5Cto%20+%5Cinfty%7Df%28x%29%3Df%27%28x%29%3D0$

$eq?%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B+%5Cinfty%7Df%28x%29dx%3D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B+%5Cinfty%7D3xe%5E%7B-x%7D-2f%27%28x%29-f%27%27%28x%29dx%3D3+2f%280%29+f%27%280%29%3D%5Cfrac%7B5%7D%7B3%7D$



已知f(xy)=yf(x)+xf(y)对任意的x，y均成立，且f'(1)=e，则f(xy)的极小值为

                 $eq?f%27%28x%29%3D%5Clim_%7B%5CDelta%20x%5Cto%200%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7Bf%28x+%5CDelta%20x%29-f%28x%29%7D%7B%5CDelta%20x%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7Bf%5Bx%281+%5Cfrac%7B%5CDelta%20x%7D%7Bx%7D%29%5D-f%28x%29%7D%7B%5CDelta%20x%7D$

                 $eq?%3D%5Cfrac%7B%281+%5Cfrac%7B%5CDelta%20x%7D%7Bx%7D%29f%28x%29+xf%281+%5Cfrac%7B%5CDelta%20x%7D%7Bx%7D%29-f%28x%29%7D%7B%5CDelta%20x%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7Bf%28x%29%7D%7Bx%7D+%5Cfrac%7Bf%281+%5Cfrac%7B%5CDelta%20x%7D%7Bx%7D%29%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5CDelta%20x%7D%7Bx%7D%7D%3Df%27%281%29+%5Cfrac%7Bf%28x%29%7D%7Bx%7D$

得到微分方程 $eq?f%27%28x%29-%5Cfrac%7Bf%28x%29%7D%7Bx%7D%3De%5CRightarrow%20f%28x%29%3Dex%5Cln%20x$

令 $eq?t%3Dxy%2Cf%28t%29%3Det%5Cln%20t%5CRightarrow%20f%27%28t%29%3De%28%5Cln%20t+1%29%5CRightarrow%20f_%7Bmin%7D%28t%29%3Df%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Be%7D%29%3D-1$

多元函数微分学

（一）重极限连续偏导全微分

（1）重极限

$eq?%5Clim_%7B%28x%2Cy%29%5Cto%20%28x_0%2Cy_0%29%7Df%28x%2Cy%29%3DA$

[注]：任意方式趋向 $eq?%28x_0%2Cy_0%29$

证明极限不存在： $eq?%5Clim_%7B%28x%2Cy%29%5Cto%20%280%2C0%29%7D%5Cfrac%7Bxy%5E2%7D%7Bx%5E2+y%5E4%7D$

$eq?%5Clim_%7By%3Dkx%2Cx%5Cto%200%7D%5Cfrac%7Bxy%5E2%7D%7Bx%5E2+y%5E4%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7Bkx%5E3%7D%7Bx%5E2+k%5E4x%5E4%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7Bkx%7D%7B1+k%5E4x%5E2%7D%3D0$

$eq?%5Clim_%7Bx%3Dy%5E2%2Cy%5Cto%200%7D%5Cfrac%7Bxy%5E2%7D%7Bx%5E2+y%5E4%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7By%5E4%7D%7By%5E4+y%5E4%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D$

（2）连续

（3）偏导数

$eq?f_x%28x_0%2Cy_0%29%3D%5Clim_%7B%5CDelta%20x%5Cto%200%7D%5Cfrac%7Bf%28x_0+%5CDelta%20x%2Cy_0%29-f%28x_0%2Cy_0%29%7D%7B%5CDelta%20x%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7Bd%7D%7Bdx%7Df%28x%2Cy_0%29%7C_%7Bx%3Dx_0%7D$

$eq?f_y%28x_0%2Cy_0%29%3D%5Clim_%7B%5CDelta%20y%5Cto%200%7D%5Cfrac%7Bf%28x_0%2Cy_0+%5CDelta%20y%29-f%28x_0%2Cy_0%29%7D%7B%5CDelta%20y%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7Bd%7D%7Bdy%7Df%28x_0%2Cy%29%7C_%7By%3Dy_0%7D$

（4）全微分

定义 $eq?%5CDelta%20z%3Df%28x+%5CDelta%20x%2Cy+%5CDelta%20y%29-f%28x%2Cy%29%3DA%5CDelta%20x+B%5CDelta%20y+%5Ccirc%20%28%5Crho%20%29$

$eq?%5Cexists$ 一组A,B使得上式子成立即可微

判定：

1）必要条件： $eq?f_x%28x_0%2Cy_0%29%2Cf_y%28x_0%2Cy_0%29$ 存在

2）充分条件： $eq?f_x%28x%2Cy%29%2Cf_y%28x%2Cy%29$ 在 $eq?f%28x_0%2Cy_0%29$ 处连续

3）定义

a） $eq?f_x%28x_0%2Cy_0%29%2Cf_y%28x_0%2Cy_0%29$ 是否都存在

b） $eq?%5Clim_%7B%5CDelta%20x%5Cto0%2C%5CDelta%20y%5Cto0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5CDelta%20z-f_x%28x_0%2Cy_0%29%5CDelta%20x-f_y%28x_0%2Cy_0%29%5CDelta%20y%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7B%5CDelta%5E2%20x+%5CDelta%20%5E2y%7D%7D$ 是否为0

例题： $eq?f_x%28x_0%2Cy_0%29$ 存在， $eq?f_y%28x_0%2Cy_0%29$ 在 $eq?%28x_0%2Cy_0%29$ 处连续，证明 $eq?f%28x%2Cy%29$ 在 $eq?%28x_0%2Cy_0%29$ 处可微

证明：    $eq?%5CDelta%20z%3Df%28x+%5CDelta%20x%2Cy+%5CDelta%20y%29-f%28x%2Cy%29$                           $eq?%5CDelta%20z%3Df%28x+%5CDelta%20x%2Cy+%5CDelta%20y%29-f%28x+%5CDelta%20x%2Cy%29+f%28x+%5CDelta%20x%2Cy%29-f%28x%2Cy%29$

因为 $eq?f_y%28x_0%2Cy_0%29$ 在 $eq?%28x_0%2Cy_0%29$ 处连续,所以微分中值定理得                                                          $eq?f%28x_0+%5CDelta%20x%2Cy_0+%5CDelta%20y%29-f%28x_0+%5CDelta%20x%2Cy_0%29%3Df%27_y%28x_0+%5CDelta%20x%2Cy_0+%5Ctheta%20%5CDelta%20y%29%5CDelta%20y$

   $eq?%3Df_y%28x_0%2Cy_0%29%5CDelta%20y+%5Ccirc%20%28%5CDelta%20y%29$

因为 $eq?f_x%28x_0%2Cy_0%29$ 存在，所以根据偏导数定义 $eq?%5Cfrac%7Bf%28x+%5CDelta%20x%2Cy%29-f%28x%2Cy%29%7D%7B%5CDelta%20x%7D%3Df%27_x%28x%2Cy%29$

得 $eq?f%28x_0+%5CDelta%20x%2Cy_0%29-f%28x_0%2Cy_0%29%3Df_x%28x_0%2Cy_0%29%5CDelta%20x+%5Ccirc%20%28%5CDelta%20x%29$

   $eq?%5CDelta%20z%3Df_x%28x_0%2Cy_0%29%5CDelta%20x+f_y%28x_0%2Cy_0%29%5CDelta%20y+%5Ccirc%20%28%5CDelta%20x%29+%5Ccirc%20%28%5CDelta%20y%29$

   $eq?%5Cfrac%7B%5Ccirc%20%28%5CDelta%20x%29+%5Ccirc%20%28%5CDelta%20y%29%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7B%5CDelta%20%5E2x+%5CDelta%20%5E2y%7D%7D%3C%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Ccirc%20%28%5CDelta%20x%29%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7B%5CDelta%20%5E2x%7D%7D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Ccirc%20%28%5CDelta%20y%29%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7B%5CDelta%20%5E2y%7D%7D%3D0+0%3D0$

得证

（二）偏导数与全微分的计算

1）复合函数求导法

2）隐函数求导法

1.由一个方程所确定的隐函数

设 $eq?F%28x%2Cy%2Cz%29$ 有一阶连续偏导数， $eq?F_z%5Cneq%200$ ，知道 $eq?z%3Dz%28x%2Cy%29$ 由 $eq?F%28x%2Cy%2Cz%29$ 所确定

隐函数存在定理：

公式法： $eq?%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20z%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7D%3D-%5Cfrac%7BF%27_x%7D%7BF%27_z%7D%2C%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20z%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7D%3D-%5Cfrac%7BF%27_y%7D%7BF%27_z%7D$

2.由方程组确定的隐函数

设 $eq?u%28x%2Cy%29%2Cv%28x%2Cy%29$ 是由 $eq?%5Cleft%5C%7B%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D%20F%28x%2Cy%2Cu%2Cv%29%3D0%5C%5CG%28x%2Cy%2Cu%2Cv%29%3D0%20%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D%5Cright.$ 所确定

（1）等式两边求导 $eq?%5Cleft%5C%7B%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D%20F_x+F_u%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7D+F_v%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20v%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7D%3D0%5C%5C%20G_x+G_u%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7D+G_v%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20v%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7D%3D0%20%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D%5Cright.$ $eq?%5Cleft%5C%7B%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D%20F_y+F_u%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7D+F_v%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20v%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7D%3D0%5C%5C%20G_y+G_u%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7D+G_v%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20v%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7D%3D0%20%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D%5Cright.$

（2）微分形式的不变性 $eq?%5Cleft%5C%7B%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D%20F_xdx+F_ydy+F_udu+F_vdv%3D0%5C%5C%20G_xdx+G_ydy+G_udu+G_vdv%3D0%20%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D%5Cright.$

例题：若对任意t>0有， $eq?f%28tx%2Cty%29%3Dt%5Enf%28x%2Cy%29$ ，则称函数为n次齐次方程

证明： $eq?f%28x%2Cy%29$ 可微是n次齐次函数 <=> $eq?x%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7D+y%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7D%3Dnf%28x%2Cy%29$

必要性：

由         $eq?f%28tx%2Cty%29%3Dt%5Enf%28x%2Cy%29$

可得： $eq?xf%27_1%28tx%2Cty%29+yf%27_2%28tx%2Cty%29%3Dnt%5E%7Bn-1%7Df%28x%2Cy%29$

令t=1： $eq?xf%27_1%28x%2Cy%29+yf%27_2%28x%2Cy%29%3Dnf%28x%2Cy%29$

得证：   $eq?x%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7D+y%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7D%3Dnf%28x%2Cy%29$

充分性：

   令         $eq?F%28t%29%3Df%28tx%2Cty%29%2C%5Cfrac%7BdF%7D%7Bdt%7D%3Dxf%27_1%28tx%2Cty%29+yf%27_2%28tx%2Cty%29$

   则： $eq?t%5Cfrac%7BdF%7D%7Bdt%7D%3Dtxf%27_1%28tx%2Cty%29+tyf%27_2%28tx%2Cty%29%3Dnf%28tx%2Cty%29%3DnF%28t%29$

有： $eq?%5Cfrac%7BdF%7D%7BF%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7Bn%7D%7Bt%7Ddt%5C%3B%20%5C%3A%20%5C%3A%20%5C%3A%20%5C%3A%20%5C%3A%20%5C%3A%20F%28t%29%3DCt%5En$

因为 $eq?f%28tx%2Cty%29%3Dt%5Enf%28x%2Cy%29%5C%3B%20%5C%3B%20%5C%3B%20%5C%3B%20%5C%3B%20F%281%29%3DC$ ，所以 $eq?C%3Df%28x%2Cy%29$

结论：如果 $eq?f%28x%2Cy%29$ 可微是n次齐次函数 <=> $eq?x%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7D+y%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7D%3Dnf%28x%2Cy%29$

（三）极值与最值

（1）无条件极值

（2）条件极值与拉格朗日函数

（3）最大值最小值

设 $eq?f%28x%2Cy%29%3D%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7By%5E2%7De%5E%7B-%28%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7By%7D%29%5E2%7D%2Cy%5Cneq%200$ ，记 $eq?I_1%3D%5Clim_%7By%5Cto%200%7D%5B%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7Df%28x%2Cy%29dx%5D%2CI_2%3D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%5B%5Clim_%7By%5Cto%200%7Df%28x%2Cy%29%5Ddx$

          $eq?I_1%3D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7De%5E%7B-%28%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7By%7D%29%5E2%7D%7C%5E1_0%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%2CI_2%3D0$

设y=f(x,t)，而t是关于F(xy,t)=0所确定的关于x,y函数，其中f，F具有就一阶连续偏导数

则 $eq?%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdx%7D%3D$ $eq?dy%3Df%27_xdx+f%27_tdt%3Df%27_xdx-f%27_t%5B%5Cfrac%7BF%27_x%7D%7BF%27_t%7Ddx+%5Cfrac%7BF%27_y%7D%7BF%27_t%7Ddy%5D$

       $eq?%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdx%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7Bf%27_xF%27_t-f%27_tF%27_x%7D%7Bf%27_tF%27_y+F%27_t%7D$



设 $eq?f%28x%2Cy%29$ 与 $eq?G%28x%2Cy%29$ 均为可微函数，且 $eq?G%27_y%28x%2Cy%29%5Cneq%200$ ，已知点 $eq?%28x_0%2Cy_0%29$ 是 $eq?f%28x%2Cy%29$

        在约束条件下 $eq?G%28x%2Cy%29%3D0$ 下的一个极值点，下列选项正确的是

（A）若 $eq?f%27_x%28x_0%2Cy_0%29%3D0$ ，则 $eq?f%27_y%28x_0%2Cy_0%29%3D0$

                （B）若 $eq?f%27_x%28x_0%2Cy_0%29%3D0$ ，则 $eq?f%27_y%28x_0%2Cy_0%29%5Cneq0$

                （C）若 $eq?f%27_x%28x_0%2Cy_0%29%5Cneq0$ ，则 $eq?f%27_y%28x_0%2Cy_0%29%3D0$

                （D）若 $eq?f%27_x%28x_0%2Cy_0%29%5Cneq0$ ，则 $eq?f%27_y%28x_0%2Cy_0%29%5Cneq0$

构造拉格朗日函数： $eq?F%28x%2Cy%2C%5Clambda%20%29%3Df%28x%2Cy%29+%5Clambda%20G%28x%2Cy%29$

有： $eq?F%27_x%3Df%27_x+%5Clambda%20G%27_x%2CF%27_y%3Df%27_y+%5Clambda%20G%27_y%2CF%27_%5Clambda%3DG%28x%2Cy%29$

所以： $eq?%5Clambda%3D-%5Cfrac%7Bf%27_y%28x_0%2Cy_0%29%7D%7BG%27_y%28x_0%2Cy_0%29%7D%2Cf%27_x%28x_0%2Cy_0%29%3D%5Cfrac%7Bf%27_y%28x_0%2Cy_0%29%7D%7BG%27_y%28x_0%2Cy_0%29%7DG%27_x%28x_0%2Cy_0%29$



已知 $eq?%5Cleft%5C%7B%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D%20z%3Dx%5E2+y%5E2%5C%5C%20x%5E2+2y%5E2+3z%5E2%3D20%20%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D%5Cright.$ ，求 $eq?%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdx%7D%2C%5Cfrac%7Bdz%7D%7Bdx%7D$

                 $eq?%5Cleft%5C%7B%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D%20dz%3D2xdx+2ydy%2C%5C%5C%202xdx+4ydy+6zdz%3D0%20%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D%5Cright.$

联立两方程消去z

                 $eq?%5Cleft%5C%7B%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D%206zdz%3D12xzdx+12yzdy%5C%5C%202xdx+4ydy+6zdz%3D0%20%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D%5Cright.%20%3D%3E%20%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdx%7D%3D-%5Cfrac%7Bx%281+6z%29%7D%7B2y%281+3z%29%7D$

联立两方程消去y

                 $eq?%5Cleft%5C%7B%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D%202dz%3D4xdx+4ydy%5C%5C%202xdx+4ydy+6zdz%3D0%20%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D%5Cright.%20%3D%3E%20%5Cfrac%7Bdz%7D%7Bdx%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7B1+3z%7D$



已知函数 $eq?u%3Du%28x%2Cy%29$ 满足方程 $eq?%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%5E2%7D-%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%5E2%7D+k%28%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7D%29%3D0$ ，确定参数a,b

利用变换 $eq?u%28x%2Cy%29%3Dv%28x%2Cy%29e%5E%7Bax+by%7D$ 将原方程变形，使新方程中不含一阶偏导项

                 $eq?%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7D%3De%5E%7Bax+by%7D%28av+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20v%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7D%29%2C%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%5E2%7D%3De%5E%7Bax+by%7D%28a%5E2v+a%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20v%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7D+a%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20v%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20v%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%5E2%7D%29$

                 $eq?%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7D%3De%5E%7Bax+by%7D%28bv+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20v%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7D%29%2C%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%5E2%7D%3De%5E%7Bax+by%7D%28b%5E2v+b%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20v%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7D+b%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20v%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20v%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%5E2%7D%29$

可得： $eq?a%3D-%5Cfrac%7Bk%7D%7B2%7D%2Cb%3D%5Cfrac%7Bk%7D%7B2%7D$ ，原方程化为 $eq?%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20v%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%5E2%7D-%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20v%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%5E2%7D%3D0$



设A,B,C，为常数AC-B^2<0，A≠0，u(x,y)具有二阶连续偏导数

        证明：必存在非奇异线性变换 $eq?%5Cxi%3D%5Clambda_1x+y%2C%5Ceta%20%3D%5Clambda_2x+y$

将方程 $eq?A%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%5E2%7D+2B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%5Cpartial%20y%7D+C%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%5E2%7D%3D0$ 化为 $eq?%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20%5Cxi%5Cpartial%20%5Ceta%7D%3D0$

                 $eq?%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20%5Cxi%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cmathrm%7Bd%20%5Cxi%7D%20%7D%7B%5Cmathrm%7Bd%7D%20x%7D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20%5Ceta%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cmathrm%7Bd%5Ceta%7D%20%7D%7B%5Cmathrm%7Bd%7D%20x%7D%3D%5Clambda_1%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20%5Cxi%7D+%5Clambda_2%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20%5Ceta%7D$

                 $eq?%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%5E2%7D%3D%5Clambda%5E2_1%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20%5Cxi%7D+2%5Clambda_1%5Clambda_2%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20%5Cxi%5Cpartial%20%5Ceta%7D+%5Clambda%5E2_2%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20%5Ceta%7D$

   $eq?%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20%5Cxi%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cmathrm%7Bd%20%5Cxi%7D%20%7D%7B%5Cmathrm%7Bd%7D%20y%7D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20%5Ceta%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cmathrm%7Bd%5Ceta%7D%20%7D%7B%5Cmathrm%7Bd%7D%20y%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20%5Cxi%7D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20%5Ceta%7D$

                 $eq?%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%5E2%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20%5Cxi%5E2%7D+2%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20%5Cxi%5Cpartial%20%5Ceta%7D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20%5Ceta%5E2%7D$

                 $eq?%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%5Cpartial%20y%7D%3D%5Clambda_1%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20%5Cxi%5E2%7D+%28%5Clambda_1+%5Clambda_2%29%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20%5Cxi%5Cpartial%20%5Ceta%7D+%5Clambda_2%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20%5Ceta%5E2%7D$



设 $eq?u%3Du%28x%2Cy%29$ 可微，又设 $eq?x%3Drcos%5Ctheta%20%2Cy%3Drsin%5Ctheta$

（1）当r≠0时，用u对r，θ $eq?$ 的一阶偏导数表示 $eq?x%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7D-y%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7D$

                 $eq?%5Cleft%5C%7B%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20r%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7Dcos%5Ctheta%20+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7Dsin%5Ctheta%5C%5C%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20%5Ctheta%7D%3Dr%28%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7Dcos%5Ctheta%20-%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7Dsin%5Ctheta%29%20%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D%5Cright.%3D%3E%5Cleft%5C%7B%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20r%7D-%5Cfrac%7Bsin%5Ctheta%7D%7Br%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20%5Ctheta%7D%5C%5C%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20r%7D+%5Cfrac%7Bcos%5Ctheta%7D%7Br%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20%5Ctheta%7D%20%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D%5Cright.$

                 $eq?x%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7D-y%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20%5Ctheta%7D$

二重积分

（一）二重积分的计算

设 $eq?D%3D%5C%7B%28x%2Cy%29%5C%2C%7C%5C%2C1%3Cx%5Cleq%20e%2C1%3Cy%5Cleq%20e%5C%7D$

记 $eq?I_1%3D%5Ciint_%7BD%7D%5Bx%5Cln%20%28x+%5Csqrt%7B1+x%5E2%29%7D-%5Csqrt%7B1+x%5E2%7D%5Dsin%28%5Cln%20y%29d%5Csigma$

   $eq?I_2%3D%5Ciint_%7BD%7D%5By%5Cln%20%28y+%5Csqrt%7B1+y%5E2%29%7D-%5Csqrt%7B1+y%5E2%7D%5Dsin%28%5Cln%20y%29d%5Csigma$

令 $eq?f%28x%29%3Dx%5Cln%20%28x+%5Csqrt%7B1+x%5E2%7D-%5Csqrt%7B1+x%5E2%7D%29%2Cg%28y%29%3Dsin%28%5Cln%20y%29$

有 $eq?f%27%28x%29%3D%5Cln%20%28x+%5Csqrt%7B1+x%5E2%7D%29%3E0%2Cg%27%28y%29%3D%5Cfrac%7Bcos%5Cln%20y%7D%7By%7D%3E0$

$eq?I_1-I_2%3D%5Ciint_D%5Bf%28x%29-f%28y%29%5Dg%28y%29d%5Csigma%3D%5Ciint_D%5Bf%28y%29-f%28x%29%5Dg%28x%29d%5Csigma$

         $eq?2%28I_1-I_2%29%3D%5Ciint_D%5Bf%28x%29-f%28y%29%5D%5Bg%28y%29-g%28x%29%5Dd%5Csigma%3C0$

所以 $eq?I_1%3CI_2$



设函数f(x)为[0,1]上的1连续函数，且0≤f(x)<1，利用二重积分证明不等式

                         $eq?%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%5Cfrac%7Bf%28x%29%7D%7B1-f%28x%29%7Ddx%5Cgeq%5Cfrac%7B%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7Df%28x%29dx%7D%7B1-%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7Df%28x%29dx%7D$

         $eq?%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%5Cfrac%7Bf%28x%29%7D%7B1-f%28x%29%7Ddx%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%5B1-f%28x%29%5Ddx%5Cgeq%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7Df%28x%29dx$

         $eq?%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%5Cfrac%7Bf%28x%29%7D%7B1-f%28x%29%7Ddx%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%5B1-f%28y%29%5Ddy%3D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%5Cfrac%7Bf%28y%29%7D%7B1-f%28y%29%7Ddy%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%5B1-f%28x%29%5Ddx$

$eq?%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Ciint_D%5Cfrac%7Bf%28x%29-f%28x%29f%28y%29%7D%7B1-f%28x%29%7D+%5Cfrac%7Bf%28y%29-f%28y%29f%28x%29%7D%7B1-f%28y%29%7Dd%5Csigma$

         $eq?%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Ciint_D%5Cfrac%7B%5Bf%28x%29+f%28y%29%5D%5B1+f%28x%29f%28y%29%5D-4f%28x%29f%28y%29%7D%7B%5B1-f%28x%29%5D%5B1-f%28y%29%5D%7Dd%5Csigma$

         $eq?%5Cgeq%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Ciint_D%5Cfrac%7B%5Bf%28x%29+f%28y%29%5D%5B1+f%28x%29f%28y%29%5D-%5Bf%28x%29+f%28y%29%5D%5E2%7D%7B%5B1-f%28x%29%5D%5B1-f%28y%29%5D%7Dd%5Csigma$

         $eq?%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Ciint_D%5Cfrac%7B%5Bf%28x%29+f%28y%29%5D%5B1-f%28x%29%5D%5B1-f%28y%29%5D%7D%7B%5B1-f%28x%29%5D%5B1-f%28y%29%5D%7Dd%5Csigma$

         $eq?%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Ciint_Df%28x%29+f%28y%29d%5Csigma%3D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7Df%28x%29dx$

无穷级数

（一）常数项级数

（1）级数的概念与性质

1）正项级数

2）交错级数

3）任意项级数

（2）级数的审敛法则

1）比值法

2）根值法

3）积分判别法

设f(x)是[1,+∞)上单调减，非负的连续函数，且an=f(n)，则

$eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Dan$ 与 $eq?%5Cint_%7B1%7D%5E%7B+%5Cinfty%20%7Df%28x%29dx$ 同敛散

4）交错级数： $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%28-1%29%5E%7B%28n-1%29%7Du_n%2Cu_n%3E0$

莱布尼茨准则：

（1）单调递减（2） $eq?%5Clim_%7Bn%5Cto%20%5Cinfty%7Du_n%3D0$

则 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%28-1%29%5E%7B%28n-1%29%7Du_n$ 收敛

5）任意项级数

绝对收敛与条件收敛：

①绝对收敛的级数一定收敛

②条件收敛的级数其正项(或负项)构成的级数必定发散

设级数 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D2%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%7Cu_n-u_%7Bn-1%7D%7C$ 收敛，且正项级数 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Dv_n$ 收敛，则级数 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Du_nv%5E2_n$

                 $eq?u_n-u_%7Bn-1%7D$ 收敛，则 $eq?%5Clim_%7Bx%5Cto%20%5Cinfty%7Du_n$ 存在，故绝对收敛

设 $eq?a_n%5Cleq%20b_n%5Cleq%20c_n$ ，则

级数 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_n%2C%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Dc_n$ 都收敛，则级数 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Db_n$ 也收敛

                 $eq?0%5Cleq%20b_n-an%5Cleq%20c_n-a_n$ ，级数 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_n%2C%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Dc_n$ 都收敛

所以 $eq?b_n$ 收敛

下列命题中正确的是

（A）若 $eq?u_n%3Cv_n%5CRightarrow%20%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Du_n%5Cleq%20%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Dv_n$ 收敛才可以比大小

        （B）若 $eq?u_n%3Cv_n%2C%20%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Dv_n$ 收敛 $eq?%5CRightarrow$ $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Du_n$ 收敛

（C）若 $eq?%5Clim_%7Bn%5Cto%20%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7Bu_n%7D%7Bv_n%7D%3D1$ ， $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Dv_n$ 收敛，则 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Du_n$ 收敛

（D）若 $eq?w_n%5Cleq%20u_n%5Cleq%20v_n$ ，级数 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Dw_n%2C%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Dv_n$ 都收敛，则级数 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Du_n$ 也收敛

B,C均属于对正项级数的判定定理，不符合任意项级数

下列命题正确的是

（A）设 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_n$ 收敛，则 $eq?%5Clim_%7Bn%5Cto%20%5Cinfty%7Dna_n%3D0$

（B）设 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_n$ 收敛，且当 $eq?n%5Cto%20%5Cinfty$ 时 $eq?a_n%2Cb_n$ 是等价无穷小，则 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Db_n$ 亦收敛

（C）设 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_n%2C%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%7Cb_n%7C$ 都收敛，则 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%7Ca_nb_n%7C$ 也收敛

（D）设 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_n%2C%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Db_n%2C$ 都收敛，则 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_nb_n$ 也收敛

A若a为正项级数，则有a_n<1\n，对于任意项级数不符合如调和级数收敛但极限

         $eq?%5Clim_%7Bn%5Cto%20%5Cinfty%7Dna_n$ 不存在

B对于正项级数成立， $eq?a_n%3D%28-1%29%5E%7Bn+1%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5Csqrt%7Bn+1%7D%7D%7Bn%7D%2Cb_n%3D%5Cfrac%7B%28-1%29%5E%7Bn+1%7D%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7Bn+1%7D+%28-1%29%5E%7Bn+1%7D%7D%5CRightarrow%20a_n%3Db_n+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%7D$

C当n充分大时 $eq?%5Clim_%7Bn%5Cto%20%5Cinfty%7Da_n%3C1%5CRightarrow%20%7Ca_nb_n%7C%3C%7Cb_n%7C%2C%7Cb_n%7C$ 收敛所以   $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%7Ca_nb_n%7C$ 也收敛

D $eq?a_n%3Db_n%3D%5Cfrac%7B%28-1%29%5En%7D%7B%5Csqrt%20n%7D%5CRightarrow%20a_nb_n%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%7D$

已知 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da%5E2_n%2C%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bb%5E2_n%7D$ 收敛，λ为正常数，则级数 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%28-1%29%5En%5Cfrac%7B%7Ca_n%7C%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7Bb%5E2_n+%5Clambda%7D%7D$

                 $eq?%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bb%5E2_n+%5Clambda%7D%5Cleq%20%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bb%5E2_n%7D%5CRightarrow%20a%5E2_n+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bb%5E2_n+%5Clambda%7D%5Cgeq%202%5Cfrac%7B%7Ca_n%7C%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7Bb%5E2_n+%5Clambda%7D%7D$ ，故绝对收敛

         $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%28-1%29%5E%7Bn-1%7D%5Cfrac%7B2n%5E2%7D%7B%282n%29%21%7D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5En%7D$

         $eq?%3D%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7B2n-1+1%7D%7B%282n-1%29%21%7D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E%28n+1%29%7D$

   $eq?%3D%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%28-1%29%5E%7Bn-1%7D%5Cfrac%7B2%5E%7B-%28n+1%29%7D%7D%7B%282n-2%29%21%7D+%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%28-1%29%5E%7B%28n-1%29%7D%5Cfrac%7B2%5E%7B-%28n+1%29%7D%7D%7B%282n-1%29%21%7D$

         $eq?%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B4%7D%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%28-1%29%5E%7B%28n-1%29%7D%5Cfrac%7B%28%5Cfrac%7B%5Csqrt%7B2%7D%7D%7B2%7D%29%5E%7B2n%7D%7D%7B%282n%29%21%7D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Csqrt%7B2%7D%7D%7B4%7D%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%28-1%29%5E%7Bn%7D%5Cfrac%7B%28%5Cfrac%7B%5Csqrt%7B2%7D%7D%7B2%7D%29%5E%7B2n+1%7D%7D%7B%282n+1%29%21%7D$

         $eq?%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B4%7Dcos%5Cfrac%7B%5Csqrt2%7D%7B2%7D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Csqrt2%7D%7B4%7Dsin%5Cfrac%7B%5Csqrt2%7D%7B2%7D$

设 $eq?f%28x%29%3D%5Cleft%5C%7B%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D%20x+1%20%26%200%5Cleq%20x%20%5Cleq%20%5Cpi%5C%5C%200%26%20-%5Cpi%20%5Cleq%20x%20%3C0%20%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D%5Cright.%20%2CS%28x%29%3D%5Cfrac%7Ba_0%7D%7B2%7D+%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%28a_ncosnx+b_nsinnx%29$         是f(x)的以2Π为周期的傅里叶级数，则 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%28-1%29%5Ena_n%3DS%28%5Cpi%29-%5Cfrac%7Ba_0%7D%7B2%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B4%7D$

证明级数 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D2%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7B%28-1%29%5En%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7Bn+%28-1%29%5En%7D%7D$ 条件收敛

因为 $eq?%7Cu_n%7C%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7Bn+%28-1%29%5En%7D%7D%5Cgeq%20%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7Bn+1%7D%7D$ ，由比较判别法知 $eq?u_n$ 发散

又因为                                                                                           $eq?S_%7B2n%7D%3D%5Csum_%7Bk%3D2%7D%5E%7B2n+1%7D%5Cfrac%7B%28-1%29%5Ek%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7Bk+%28-1%29%5Ek%7D%7D%3D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csqrt3%7D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csqrt2%7D%29+%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csqrt5%7D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csqrt4%7D%29+.......%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7B2n+1%7D%7D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7B2n%7D%7D%29$ 单减

再由 $eq?S_%7B2n%7D%3E%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csqrt4%7D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csqrt2%7D%29+%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csqrt6%7D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csqrt4%7D%29+.......%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7B2n+2%7D%7D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7B2n%7D%7D%29%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7B2n+2%7D%7D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csqrt2%7D%3E-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csqrt2%7D$

知 $eq?S_%7B2n%7D$ 单调有下界，故收敛，记 $eq?%5Clim_%7Bn%5Cto%20%5Cinfty%7DS_%7B2n%7D%3DS$ ，知 $eq?%5Clim_%7Bn%5Cto%20%5Cinfty%7Du_n%3D0$

                         $eq?S_%7B2n+1%7D%3D%5Clim_%7Bn%5Cto%20%5Cinfty%7D%28S_%7B2n%7D+u_%7B2n+2%7D%29%3DS+0%3DS$

所以原级数的前n项部分和数列收敛，从而级数收敛，所以原级数条件收敛

设f(x)在[0,+∞)上连续，反常积分 $eq?%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B+%5Cinfty%7Df%5E2%28x%29dx$ 收敛，令 $eq?a_n%3D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7Df%28nx%29dx$

证明级数 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7Ba%5E2_n%7D%7Bn%7D$ 收敛

令 $eq?nx%3Dt%2C%5CRightarrow%20dx%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%7Ddt%2Ca_n%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%7D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bn%7Df%28t%29dt%5CRightarrow%20a%5E2_n%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%5E2%7D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bn%7Df%28t%29dt%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bn%7Df%28t%29dt$

                 $eq?a%5E2_n%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%5E2%7D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bn%7Dds%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bn%7Df%28t%29f%28s%29dt$

   $eq?%5Cleq%20%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2n%5E2%7D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bn%7Dds%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bn%7D%5Bf%5E2%28t%29+f%5E2%28s%29%5Ddt$

   $eq?%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2n%5E2%7D%5B%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bn%7Dds%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bn%7Df%5E2%28t%29dt+%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bn%7Dds%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bn%7Df%5E2%28s%29dt%5D$

   $eq?%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2n%7D%5B%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bn%7Df%5E2%28t%29dt+%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bn%7Df%5E2%28s%29ds%5D%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%7D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bn%7Df%5E2%28t%29dt$

   $eq?%5Cleq%20%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%7D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B+%5Cinfty%7Df%5E2%28t%29dt%3D%5Cfrac%7BA%7D%7Bn%7D$

由正项级数的比较判别法可知，级数 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7Ba%5E2_n%7D%7Bn%7D$ 收敛

求幂级数 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5B3+%28-1%29%5En%5D%5En%7D%7Bn%7Dx%5En$ 的收敛域与和函数

   $eq?S%28x%29%3D%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7B4%5E%7B2n%7D%7D%7B2n%7Dx%5E%7B2n%7D+%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7B2%5E%7B2n-1%7D%7D%7B2n-1%7Dx%5E%7B2n-1%7D$

   $eq?%3D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7D%28%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D4%5E%7B2n%7Dt%5E%7B2n-1%7D%29dt+%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7D%28%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D2%5E%7B2n-1%7Dt%5E%7B2n-2%7D%29dt$

   $eq?%3D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7D%284%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%284t%29%5E%7B2n-1%7D%29dt+%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7D%282%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%282t%29%5E%7B2n%7D%29dt$

   $eq?-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cln%20%281-16x%5E2%29+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cln%20%5Cfrac%7B1+2x%7D%7B1-2x%7D%2C%28-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B4%7D%3Cx%3C%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B4%7D%29$



求级数 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E%7B2n%7D%7D%7B%282n%29%21%7D$ 的和函数

                 $eq?%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5B%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7Bx%5En%7D%7Bn%21%7D+%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7B%28-x%29%5En%7D%7Bn%21%7D%5D%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%28e%5Ex+e%5E%7B-x%7D%29$

或者 $eq?y%3D%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E%7B2n%7D%7D%7B%282n%29%21%7D%2Cy%27%3D%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E%7B2n-1%7D%7D%7B%282n-1%29%21%7D%2Cy%27%27%3D%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E%7B2n-2%7D%7D%7B%282n-2%29%21%7D%3D%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E%7B2n%7D%7D%7B%282n%29%21%7D$

有 $eq?y%27%27-y%3D0%2Cy%280%29%3D1%2Cy%27%280%29%3D0%5CRightarrow%20y%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%28e%5Ex+e%5E%7B-x%7D%29$

设数列 $eq?a_n$ 满足 $eq?a_1%3Da_2%3D1%2Ca_%7Bn+1%7D%3Da_n+a_%7Bn-1%7D%2C%28n%3D2%2C3.....%29$ 证明在 $eq?%7Cx%7C%3C%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D$ 时

幂级数 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_nx%5E%7Bn-1%7D$ 收敛，并求其和函数与系数 $eq?a_n$

             $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_nx%5E%7Bn-1%7D%3Da_1+a_2x+%5Csum_%7Bn%3D3%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%28a_%7Bn-1%7D+a_%7Bn-2%7D%29x%5E%7Bn-1%7D$

   $eq?%3Da_1+a_2x+%28-a_1x+x%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_nx%5E%7Bn-1%7D%29+x%5E2%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_nx%5E%7Bn-1%7D$ $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_nx%5E%7Bn-1%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B1-x-x%5E2%7D$

将 $eq?%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B1-x-x%5E2%7D$ 展开为x的幂级数

   $eq?%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B1-x-x%5E2%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%28x+%5Cfrac%7B1+%5Csqrt5%7D%7B2%7D%29%28x+%5Cfrac%7B1-%5Csqrt5%7D%7B2%7D%29%7D$

   $eq?%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Csqrt5%7D%7B5%7D%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5B%28-1%29%5E%7Bn-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7B1+%5Csqrt5%7D%29%5En+%28%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7B-1+%5Csqrt5%7D%29%5En%5Dx%5E%7Bn-1%7D$

所以 $eq?a_n%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Csqrt5%7D%7B5%7D%5B%28-1%29%5E%7Bn-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7B1+%5Csqrt5%7D%29%5En+%28%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7B-1+%5Csqrt5%7D%29%5En%5D$

已知幂级数 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%281+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D+......+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%7D%29x%5En$ ，则和函数S(x)为

令 $eq?a_n%3D%281+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D+......+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%7D%29$ ，则 $eq?S%28x%29%3D%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_nx%5En$

                 $eq?S%28x%29%3D%5Csum_%7Bn%3D2%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_%7Bn-1%7Dx%5En+%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7Bx%5En%7D%7Bn%7D$

   $eq?%3Dx%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_nx%5En-%5Cln%20%281-x%29$

                 $eq?%281-x%29S%28x%29%3D-%5Cln%20%281-x%29%5CRightarrow%20S%28x%29%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cln%20%281-x%29%7D%7Bx-1%7D$

（二）幂级数

（1）收敛半径收敛区间收敛域

定理1：阿贝尔定理

若 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_nx%5En%2Cx%3Dx_0$ 处收敛则当 $eq?x%3C%7Cx_0%7C$ 时， $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_nx%5En$ 绝对收敛

若 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_nx%5En%2Cx%3Dx_0$ 处发散则当 $eq?x%3E%7Cx_0%7C$ 时， $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_nx%5En$ 发散

若幂级数 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_nx%5En%2Cx%3Dx_0$ 处条件收敛，则该点为幂级数收敛区间端点

$eq?%5Clim_%7Bx%5Cto%20%5Cinfty%7D%7C%5Cfrac%7Ba_%7Bn+1%7D%7D%7Ba_n%7D%7C%3D%5Crho%2CR%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Crho%7D$

$eq?%5Clim_%7Bx%5Cto%20%5Cinfty%7D%5Csqrt%7B%7Ca_n%7C%7D%3D%5Crho%2CR%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Crho%7D$

（2）幂级数性质

有理运算性质：

设 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_nx%5En$ 的收敛半径为 $eq?R_1$ ， $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Db_nx%5En$ 的收敛半径为 $eq?R_2$

（1） $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_nx%5En%5Cpm%20%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Db_nx%5En$ ， $eq?%5Cleft%5C%7B%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D%20R%5Cgeq%20min%28R_1%2CR_2%29%20%26R_1%3D%20R_2%20%5C%5C%20R%3Dmin%28R_1%2CR_2%29%20%26R_1%5Cneq%20R_2%20%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D%5Cright.$

（2） $eq?%28%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_nx%5En%29*%28%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_nx%5En%29%3D%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Dc_nx%5En$

$eq?c_n%3Da_0b_n+a_1b_%7Bn-1%7D+......+a_%7Bn-1%7Db1+a_nb_0$

（3） $eq?%5Cfrac%7B%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_nx%5En%7D%7B%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Db_nx%5En%7D%3D%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Dc_nx%5En$

分析性质：

设幂级数 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_nx%5En$ 的收敛半径为 $eq?R$ ，且和函数为 $eq?S%28x%29$

（1）连续性：和函数S(x)在其收敛域上连续

（2）可导性：和函数S(x)在收敛区间上可导，且可逐项求导，半径不变

（3）可积性：和函数S(x)在收敛域上可积，且可逐项求积，半径不变

（3）函数展开为幂级数

定理1：如果函数f(x)能够在 $eq?%28x_0-R%2Cx_0+R%29$ 上展开为 $eq?x-x_0$ 的幂级数 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_n%28x-x_0%29%5En$ ，则展开式是唯一的

$eq?f%28x%29%3D%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7Bf%5E%7B%28n%29%7D%28x_0%29%7D%7Bn%21%7D%28x-x_0%29%5En$

定理2：设f(x)在 $eq?x_0$ 处任意阶可导，则 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7Bf%5E%7B%28n%29%7D%28x_0%29%7D%7Bn%21%7D%28x-x_0%29%5En$

在 $eq?%28x_0-R%2Cx_0+R%29$ 收敛于f(x) <=> $eq?%5Clim_%7Bn%5Cto%20%5Cinfty%7DR_n%28x%29%3D0$

其中 $eq?R_n%28x%29%3D%5Cfrac%7Bf%5E%7B%28n+1%29%7D%28%5Cxi%29%7D%7B%28n+1%29%21%7D%28x-x_0%29%5E%7Bn+1%7D$ 为f(x)在 $eq?x_0$ 处的泰勒余项

$eq?f%28x%29%3D%5Csum_%7Bk%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7Bf%5E%7B%28k%29%7D%28x_0%29%7D%7Bk%21%7D%28x-x_0%29%5Ek+R_n%28x%29$

1）直接展开法：

（1）逐项求导 $eq?f%28x%29$

（2）判断 $eq?R_n%28x%29$ 是否存在

2）间接展开法

（三）傅里叶级数

设以 $eq?2%5Cpi$ 为周期的函数 $eq?f%28x%29$ 在 $eq?%5B-%5Cpi%2C%5Cpi%5D$ 上连续或只有有限个间断点，且至多只有有限个极值点，则 $eq?f%28x%29$ 的傅里叶级数 $eq?%5Cfrac%7Ba_0%7D%7B2%7D+%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_ncosnx+b_nsinnx$

在 $eq?%5B-%5Cpi%2C%5Cpi%5D$ 上处处收敛，记其和函数 $eq?S%28x%29$ $eq?S%28x%29%3D%5Cfrac%7Ba_0%7D%7B2%7D+%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_ncosnx+b_nsinnx$ $eq?S%28x%29%3D%5Cleft%5C%7B%5Cbegin%7Bmatrix%7D%20f%28x%29%2C%5C%2C%20%5C%2C%20%5C%2C%20%5C%2C%20%5C%2C%20%5C%2C%20%5C%2C%5C%2C%5C%2C%5C%2C%5C%2C%5C%2Cx%20%5C%2Cis%5C%2Ccontinous%5C%2Cpoint%5C%5C%5Cfrac%7Bf%28x-0%29+f%28x+0%29%7D%7B2%7D%2C%5C%2C%20%5C%2C%20%5C%2C%20%5C%2C%20%5C%2C%20%5C%2C%20x%20%5C%2Cis%5C%2Cdiscontinuities%20%5C%5C%20%5Cfrac%7Bf%28-%5Cpi+0%29+f%28%5Cpi-0%29%7D%7B2%7D%20%5C%2C%20%5C%2C%20%5C%2C%20%5C%2C%20%5C%2C%20%5C%2C%5C%2C%5C%2C%5C%2C%5C%2C%5C%2C%5C%2C%5C%2C%5C%2C%5C%2C%5C%2C%5C%2C%5C%2C%5C%2C%5C%2C%5C%2C%5C%2C%5C%2C%2C%5C%2C%5C%2C%5C%2C%5C%2C%5C%2C%20x%20%3D%5Cpm%20%5Cpi%5Cend%7Bmatrix%7D%5Cright.$ $eq?a_n%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cpi%7D%5Cint_%7B-%5Cpi%7D%5E%7B%5Cpi%7Df%28x%29cosnxdx$

$eq?b_n%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cpi%7D%5Cint_%7B-%5Cpi%7D%5E%7B%5Cpi%7Df%28x%29sinnxdx$

设函数f(x)连续且满足f(x+Π)+f(x)=0，则f(x)以2Π为周期的傅里叶系数

                 $eq?a_n%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cpi%7D%5Cint_%7B-%5Cpi%7D%5E%7B%5Cpi%7Df%28x%29cosnxdx%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cpi%7D%5B%5Cint_%7B-%5Cpi%7D%5E%7B0%7Df%28x%29cosnxdx+%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B%5Cpi%7Df%28x%29cosnxdx%5D$

   $eq?%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cpi%7D%5Cint_%7B-%5Cpi%7D%5E%7B0%7Df%28x%29cosnx+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cpi%7D%5Cint_%7B-%5Cpi%7D%5E%7B0%7Df%28t+%5Cpi%29cosn%28t+%5Cpi%29dt$

   $eq?%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cpi%7D%5Cint_%7B-%5Cpi%7D%5E%7B0%7D%5Bf%28x%29-%28-1%29%5Enf%28x%29%5Dcosnxdx$

同理 $eq?b_n%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cpi%7D%5Cint_%7B-%5Cpi%7D%5E%7B0%7D%5Bf%28x%29-%28-1%29%5Enf%28x%29%5Dsinnxdx$

可知 $eq?a_%7B2n%7D%3Db_%7B2n%7D%3D0$

设f(x)为任意阶可导函数，且 $eq?f%28x%29%3D%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_%7B2n-1%7Dx%5E%7B2n-1%7D$ ，将函数                                         $eq?f%28x%29%3D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7De%5E%7Bx%5E2-t%5E2%7Ddt$ 展开为x的幂级数

                 $eq?f%28x%29%3De%5E%7Bx%5E2%7D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7De%5E%7B-t%5E2%7Ddt%2Cf%27%28x%29%3D2xe%5E%7Bx%5E2%7D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7De%5E%7B-t%5E2%7Ddt+1%3D2xf%28x%29+1$

根据 $eq?f%28x%29%3D%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Da_%7B2n-1%7Dx%5E%7B2n-1%7D$ 可知

                 $eq?f%27%28x%29%3D%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%282n-1%29a_%7B2n-1%7Dx%5E%7B2n-2%7D%3D%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D2a_%7B2n-1%7Dx%5E%7B2n%7D+1%3D2xf%28x%29+1$

即    $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%282n+1%29a_%7B2n+1%7Dx%5E%7B2n%7D+a_1%3D%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D2a_%7B2n-1%7Dx%5E%7B2n%7D+1$

因 $eq?a_1%3D1%5CRightarrow%20%282n+1%29a_%7B2n+1%7D%3D2a_%7B2n-1%7D$

$eq?f%28x%29%3Dx+%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7B2%5En%7D%7B%282n+1%29%21%21%7Dx%5E%7B2n+1%7D%2Cx%5Cin%28-%5Cinfty%2C+%5Cinfty%29$

设x>2，证明 $eq?%5Cln%20%5Cfrac%7Bx+2%7D%7Bx-2%7D%3D%5Cln%20%28%5Cfrac%7Bx+1%7D%7Bx-1%7D%29%5E2+2%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2n-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7Bx%5E3-3x%7D%29%5E%7B2n-1%7D$

令 $eq?S%28u%29%3D%5Csum_%7Bn%3D0%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7Bu%5E%7B2n-1%7D%7D%7B2n-1%7D%3DS%280%29+%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bu%7DS%27%28t%29dt$

                       $eq?%3D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bu%7D%28%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7Bt%5E%7B2n-1%7D%7D%7B2n-1%7D%29%27dt%3D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bu%7D%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7Dt%5E%7B2n-2%7Ddt%3D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bu%7D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B1-t%5E2%7Ddt%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cln%20%5Cfrac%7B1+u%7D%7B1-u%7D$

代入 $eq?u%3D%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7Bx%5E3-3x%7D$ ，则 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2n-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%5E3-3x%7D%29%5E%7B2n-1%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Cln%20%5Cfrac%7B%28x+2%29%28x-1%29%5E2%7D%7B%28x+1%29%5E2%28x-2%29%7D$

即             $eq?%5Cln%20%5Cfrac%7Bx+2%7D%7Bx-2%7D%3D%5Cln%20%28%5Cfrac%7Bx+1%7D%7Bx-1%7D%29%5E2+2%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2n-1%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7Bx%5E3-3x%7D%29%5E%7B2n-1%7D$

证明 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7Bcosnx%7D%7Bn%5E2%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B12%7D%283x%5E2-6%5Cpi%20x+2%5Cpi%5E2%29%2C%280%5Cleq%20x%5Cleq%20%5Cpi%29$ ,并求 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7B%28-1%29%5E%7Bn-1%7D%7D%7B%282n-1%29%5E3%7D$

         $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7Bcosnx%7D%7Bn%5E2%7D-%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%5E2%7D%7B6%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B12%7D%283x%5E2-6%5Cpi%20x%29$ ，令 $eq?f%28x%29%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B12%7D%283x%5E2-6%5Cpi%20x%29%2C%280%5Cleq%20x%5Cleq%20%5Cpi%29$

对f(x)偶延拓

                 $eq?a_0%3D%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7B%5Cpi%7D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B%5Cpi%7D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B12%7D%283x%5E2-6%5Cpi%20x%29dx%3D-%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%5E2%7D%7B3%7D$

                 $eq?a_n%3D%5Cfrac%7B2%7D%7B%5Cpi%7D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B%5Cpi%7D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B12%7D%283x%5E2-6%5Cpi%20x%29cosnxdx%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn%5E2%7D$

         $eq?f%28x%29%5Csim%20S%28x%29%3D-%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%5E2%7D%7B6%7D+%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7Bcosnx%7D%7Bn%5E2%7D$ 得证



         $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7Bcosnx%7D%7Bn%5E2%7D%3D%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5B%5Cfrac%7Bsinnx%7D%7Bn%5E3%7D%5D%27$

         $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7Bsinnx%7D%7Bn%5E3%7D%3D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7D%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7Bcosnx%7D%7Bn%5E2%7D%20%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B12%7D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Bx%7D3t%5E2-6%5Cpi%20t+2%5Cpi%5E2dt$

令 $eq?x%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B2%7D$ ，x为奇 $eq?%5Cfrac%7Bsinnx%7D%7Bn%5E3%7D%3D%28-1%29%5E%7Bn-1%7D$ ，x为偶则为0

故 $eq?%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7Bsinnx%7D%7Bn%5E3%7D%3D%5Csum_%7Bn%3D1%7D%5E%7B%5Cinfty%7D%5Cfrac%7B%28-1%29%5E%7Bn-1%7D%7D%7B%282n-1%29%5E3%7D$

$eq?%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B12%7D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B2%7D%7D3t%5E2-6%5Cpi%20t+2%20%5Cpi%5E2dt%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%5E3%7D%7B32%7D$

多元函数微分学

（一）向量空间直线空间曲线

（二）方向导数

设三元函数 $eq?u%28x%2Cy%2Cz%29$ 在点 $eq?P_0%28x_0%2Cy_0%2Cz_0%29$ 的某空间邻域有定义， $eq?l$ 为从 $eq?P_0$ 出发的一条射线 $eq?%5Clim_%7Bt%5Cto%200%5E+%7D%5Cfrac%7Bu%28P%29-u%28P_0%29%7D%7Bt%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7Bu%28x_0+t%5C%2C%20cos%5Calpha%20+y_0+t%5C%2C%20cos%5Cbeta%20+z_0+z%5C%2C%20cos%5Cgamma%20%29-u%28x_0%2Cy_0%2Cz_0%29%7D%7Bt%7D$

$eq?t%3D%5Csqrt%7B%5CDelta%20%5E2x+%5CDelta%20%5E2y+%5CDelta%20%5E2z%7D$ t>0，表示P与P0间距离

存在，则称此极限为函数 $eq?u%28x%2Cy%2Cz%29$ 在点 $eq?P_0$ 处沿 $eq?l$ 的方向方向导数，记作 $eq?%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7D%7C_%7BP_0%7D$

如果函数在该点处可微，则函数在该点处沿任一方向的方向导数都存在

$eq?%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20u%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20l%7D%7C_%7BP_0%7D%3Du%27_x%28P_0%29cos%5Calpha%20+u%27_y%28P_0%29cos%5Cbeta%20+u%27_z%28P_0%29cos%5Cgamma$

$eq?cos%5Calpha%20%2Ccos%5Cbeta%20%2Ccos%5Cgamma$ 为方向 $eq?l$ 的方向余弦

如果函数在某点处有一阶偏导存在，则函数在该点处梯度为 $eq?grad%5C%2C%20u%7C_%7BP_0%7D%3D%28u%27_x%28P_0%29%2Cu%27_y%28P_0%29%2Cu%27_z%28P_0%29%29$

二元函数在一点处可微是其方向导数存在的充分条件

二元函数在一点连续既不是其方向导数存在的充分条件，也不是其必要条件

三重积分

积分方法

1）直角坐标系

（1）先一后二（2）先二后一

2）柱面坐标系 $eq?%5Ciiint_%7B%5COmega%20%7D%5E%7B%7Df%28x%2Cy%2Cz%29dxdydz%3D%5Ciiint_%7B%5COmega%20%7D%5E%7B%7Df%28rcos%5Ctheta%20%2Crsin%5Ctheta%20%2Cz%29rdrd%5Ctheta%20dz$

3）球面坐标系 $eq?%5Ciiint_%7B%5COmega%20%7Df%28x%2Cy%2Cz%29dxdydz%3D%5Ciiint_%7B%5COmega%20%7Df%28rsin%5Cphi%20cos%5Ctheta%2Crsin%5Cphi%20sin%5Ctheta%2Crcos%5Cphi%20%29r%5E2sin%5Cphi%20d%5Ctheta%20d%5Cphi%20dr$

4)对称性，形心公式的逆用

第一型曲线积分

1）投影到x轴或y轴

公式： $eq?%5Cint_%5CGamma%20f%28x%2Cy%29ds$ ， $eq?%5Cint_%5CGamma%20f%28x%2Cy%2Cz%29ds$

平面： $eq?ds%3D%5Csqrt%7B1+y%27%5E2%28x%29%7Ddx%3D%5Csqrt%7Bx%27%5E2%28t%29+y%27%5E2%28t%29%7Ddt%3D%5Csqrt%7Br%5E2%28%5Ctheta%29+r%27%5E2%28%5Ctheta%29%7Dd%5Ctheta$

空间： $eq?ds%3D%5Csqrt%7Bx%27%5E2%28t%29+y%27%5E2%28t%29+z%27%5E2%28t%29%7Ddt$

2）对称，形心

第二型曲线积分

1） $eq?%5Coint_LP%28x%2Cy%29dx+Q%28x%2Cy%29dy%3D%5Ciint_D%28%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20Q%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7D-%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20P%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7D%29d%5Csigma$

格林公式转为面积分(封闭曲线L围成的平面)，以逆时针内侧为正

2）化为一元函数定积分

3）斯托克斯公式

$eq?%5Coint%20_LPdx+Qdy+Rdz%3D%5Ciint_%5CSigma%20%5Cbegin%7Bvmatrix%7D%20cos%5C%2C%5Calpha%20%26cos%5C%2C%5Cbeta%20%26cos%5C%2C%5Cgamma%20%5C%5C%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7D%26%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7D%20%26%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20z%7D%20%5C%5C%20P%20%26%20Q%20%26R%20%5Cend%7Bvmatrix%7DdS$

本质投影到三个坐标平面

另一种形式： $eq?%5Coint%20_LPdx+Qdy+Rdz%3D%5Ciint_%5CSigma%20%5Cbegin%7Bvmatrix%7D%20dydz%26dxdz%20%26dxdy%20%5C%5C%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7D%26%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7D%20%26%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20z%7D%20%5C%5C%20P%20%26%20Q%20%26R%20%5Cend%7Bvmatrix%7DdS$

第一型曲面积分

1）投影到坐标平面(xoy,yoz,xoz)投影点不能重合

公式： $eq?%5Ciint_%5CSigma%20f%28x%2Cy%2Cz%29dS%3D%5Ciint_%5CSigma%20f%28x%2Cy%2Cz%28x%2Cy%29%29%5Csqrt%7Bq+z%27%5E2_x+z%27%5E2_y%7Ddxdy$

第二型曲面积分

1）投影到三个坐标平面

2）高斯公式

公式： $eq?%5Coint%5Coint_%5CSigma%20Pdydz+Qdzdx+Rdxdy%3D%5Ciiint_%5COmega%20%28%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20P%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20Q%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20R%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20z%7D%29dv$

$eq?%5CSigma$ 是 $eq?%5COmega$ 边界曲面外侧

设函数f(x,y)在区域D={(x,y) | x^2+y^2≤1}上二阶偏导数连续，且满足                                 $eq?f%27%27_%7Bxx%7D+f%27%27_%7Byy%7De%5E%7Bx%5E2+y%5E2%7D%3D1$ ，则 $eq?%5Ciint_D%28xf%27_x+yf%27_y%29d%5Csigma%3D$

在极坐标系下 $eq?%5Ciint_D%28xf%27_x+yf%27_y%29d%5Csigma%3D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7Drdr%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B2%5Cpi%7D%28f%27_xcos%5Ctheta+f%27_ysin%5Ctheta%29d%5Ctheta$

反向使用格林公式得 $eq?%3D%5Coint_Lf%27_xdy-f%27_ydx$

再使用格林公式 $eq?%5Ciint_D%28f%27%27_%7Bxx%7D+f%27%27_%7Byy%7D%29d%5Csigma$

$eq?%3D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%5B%5Ciint_D%28f%27%27_%7Bxx%7D+f%27%27_%7Byy%7D%29d%5Csigma%5Drdr$

$eq?%3D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%5B%5Ciint_De%5E%7B-%28x%5E2+y%5E2%29%7Dd%5Csigma%5Drdr$

$eq?%3D%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B1%7D%28%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7B2%5Cpi%7Dd%5Ctheta%5Cint_%7B0%7D%5E%7Br%7De%5E%7B-%5Crho%5E2%7D%5Crho%20d%5Crho%29rdr%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B2e%7D$

设函数f(x,y,z)在区域 $eq?%5COmega%20%3D%5C%7B%28x%2Cy%2Cz%29%5C%2C%7C%5C%2Cx%5E2+y%5E2+z%5E2%5Cleq1%5C%7D$ 上具有连续二阶偏导数

且满足         $eq?%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%5E2%7D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%5E2%7D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20z%5E2%7D%3D%5Csqrt%7Bx%5E2+y%5E2+z%5E2%7D$

计算 $eq?I%3D%5Ciiint_%5COmega%20%28x%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7D+y%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7D+z%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20z%7D%29$

利用转换投影法设球面 $eq?%5CSigma%20%3A%5C%2Cx%5E2+y%5E2+z%5E2%3D1$ 外侧方向余弦 $eq?%28cos%5Calpha%20%2Ccos%5Cbeta%20%2Ccos%5Cgamma%20%29$

有         $eq?%5Cfrac%7Bdydz%7D%7Bcos%5Calpha%20%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7Bdzdx%7D%7Bcos%5Cbeta%20%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7Bdxdy%7D%7Bcos%5Cgamma%20%7D%3DdS$

                 $eq?I%5E%5Csim%20%3D%5Coint%20%5Coint_%5CSigma%20%28%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7Dcos%5Calpha%20+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7Dcos%5Cbeta%20+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20z%7Dcos%5Cgamma%20%29dS$

   $eq?%3D%5Coint%20%5Coint_%5CSigma%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7Ddydz%20+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7Ddzdx%20+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20z%7Ddxdy$ ①

   $eq?%3D%5Coint%20%5Coint_%5CSigma%20%28x%5E2+y%5E2+z%5E2%29%28%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7Ddydz%20+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7Ddzdx%20+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20z%7Ddxdy%29$ ②

分别对①②使用高斯公式有

                 $eq?%5Ciiint_%5COmega%20%28%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%5E2%7D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%5E2%7D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20z%5E2%7D%29dv$ ①

                 $eq?2%5Ciiint_%5COmega%20%28x%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%7D+y%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%7D+z%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20z%7D%29+%28x%5E2+y%5E2+z%5E2%29%5Ciiint_%5COmega%20%28%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%5E2%7D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%5E2%7D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20z%5E2%7D%29dv$ ②

   $eq?I%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5B%5Ciiint_%5COmega%20%28%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%5E2%7D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%5E2%7D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20z%5E2%7D%29dv-%20%28x%5E2+y%5E2+z%5E2%29%5Ciiint_%5COmega%20%28%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20x%5E2%7D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20y%5E2%7D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial%5E2%20f%7D%7B%5Cpartial%20z%5E2%7D%29dv%5D$

   $eq?%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%5Ciiint_%5COmega%20%28x%5E2+y%5E2+z%5E2%29%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%7D-%28x%5E2+y%5E2+z%5E2%29%5E%7B%5Cfrac%7B3%7D%7B2%7D%7Ddv%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B6%7D$