为什么要用exec族函数,有什么作用

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作用:直接调用其他可执行程序 ,代码简洁

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
//函数原型:int execl(const char *path, const char *arg, ...);

int main(void)
{
	pid_t pid;

	int data;

	while(1){
		printf("input a data:\n");
		scanf("%d",&data);

		if(data == 1){

			pid = fork();
			
			if(pid > 0){
				wait();//父进程等待子进程退出

			}
			if(pid==0){    //子进程干活(修改文件)
				int fdSrc;

				char *readBuf = NULL;

				fdSrc = open("config.txt",O_RDWR);

				int size = lseek(fdSrc,0,SEEK_END);
				lseek(fdSrc,0,SEEK_SET);

				readBuf =(char *) malloc(sizeof(char)*size + 8);

				int n_read = read(fdSrc,readBuf,size);

				char *p = strstr(readBuf,"LENG=5");
				if(p==NULL){
					printf("nou found\n");
					exit(-1);
				}
				p = p + strlen("LENG=");
				*p = '5';

				lseek(fdSrc,0,SEEK_SET);
				int n_write = write(fdSrc,readBuf,strlen(readBuf));

				close(fdSrc);
				}else{
					printf("wait, do nothing\n");
				}
			}
	}
	return 0;
}

 使用exec函数

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
//函数原型:int execl(const char *path, const char *arg, ...);

int main(void)
{
	pid_t pid;

	int data;

	while(1){
		printf("input a data:\n");
		scanf("%d",&data);

		if(data == 1){

			pid = fork();
			
			if(pid > 0){
				wait();

			}
			if(pid==0){
				execl("./changData","changData","config.txt",NULL);
				exit(0);
			}
		}else{
			printf("wait, do nothing\n");
		}
	}
	return 0;
}

函数族:
  exec函数族分别是:execl, execlp, execle, execv, execvp, execvpe
函数原型:

#include <unistd.h>
extern char **environ;

int execl(const char *path, const char *arg, ...);
int execlp(const char *file, const char *arg, ...);
int execle(const char *path, const char *arg,..., char * const envp[]);
int execv(const char *path, char *const argv[]);
int execvp(const char *file, char *const argv[]);
int execvpe(const char *file, char *const argv[],char *const envp[]);

返回值:
  exec函数族的函数执行成功后不会返回,调用失败时,会设置errno并返回-1,然后从原程序的调用点接着往下执行
参数说明:
path:可执行文件的路径名字
arg:可执行程序所带的参数,第一个参数为可执行文件名字,没有带路径且arg必须以NULL结束
file:如果参数file中包含/,则就将其视为路径名,否则就按 PATH环境变量,在它所指定的各目录中搜寻可执行文件。

exec族函数参数极难记忆和分辨,函数名中的字符会给我们一些帮助:
l : 使用参数列表
p:使用文件名,并从PATH环境进行寻找可执行文件
v:应先构造一个指向各参数的指针数组,然后将该数组的地址作为这些函数的参数。
e:多了envp[]数组,使用新的环境变量代替调用进程的环境变量

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
//函数原型:int execl(const char *path, const char *arg, ...);

int main(void)
{
    printf("before execl\n");
    if(execl("./bin/echoarg","echoarg","abc",NULL) == -1)
    {
        printf("execl failed!\n");
    }
    printf("after execl\n");
    return 0;
}
CLC@Embed_Learn:~/2_jingCheng$ ./a.out 
before execl
execl failed!
after execl
#include <stdio.h>
//函数原型:int execl(const char *path, const char *arg, ...);


int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
    int i = 0;
    for(i = 0; i < argc; i++)
    {
        printf("argv[%d]: %s\n",i,argv[i]);
    }
    return 0;
}
CLC@Embed_Learn:~/2_jingCheng$ ./execpro file file2
argv[0]: ./execpro
argv[1]: file
argv[2]: file2

ls 

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
//函数原型:int execl(const char *path, const char *arg, ...);

int main(void)
{
    printf("before execl\n");

//execl成功后不会返回,失败后返回-1
    if(execl("/bin/ls","ls",NULL,NULL) == -1)
    {
        printf("execl failed!\n");
        //错误原因,perror函数
        perror("why");
    }
    printf("after execl\n");
    return 0;
}
CLC@Embed_Learn:~/2_jingCheng$ ./a.out 
before execl
execl failed!
why: No such file or directory
after execl
CLC@Embed_Learn:~/2_jingCheng$ gcc exec2.c
CLC@Embed_Learn:~/2_jingCheng$ ./a.out 
before execl
a.out	  demo11.c  demo13.c  demo15.c	demo1.c  demo3.c  demo5.c  demo7.c  demo9.c  exec2.c  execpro  newpro
demo10.c  demo12.c  demo14.c  demo16.c	demo2.c  demo4.c  demo6.c  demo8.c  exec1.c  exec.c   forkPro
CLC@Embed_Learn:~/2_jingCheng$ ls
a.out     demo11.c  demo13.c  demo15.c  demo1.c  demo3.c  demo5.c  demo7.c  demo9.c  exec2.c  execpro  newpro
demo10.c  demo12.c  demo14.c  demo16.c  demo2.c  demo4.c  demo6.c  demo8.c  exec1.c  exec.c   forkPro
CLC@Embed_Learn:~/2_jingCheng$ 

ls -l 

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
//函数原型:int execl(const char *path, const char *arg, ...);

int main(void)
{
    printf("before execl\n");
    if(execl("/bin/ls","ls","-l",NULL) == -1)
    {
        printf("execl failed!\n");

        perror("why");
    }
    printf("after execl\n");
    return 0;
}

where is date?时间 在/bin路径找到date

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
//函数原型:int execl(const char *path, const char *arg, ...);

int main(void)
{
    printf("this pro get system date:\n");
    if(execl("/bin/date","date",NULL,NULL) == -1)
    {
        printf("execl failed!\n");

        perror("why");
    }
    printf("after execl\n");
    return 0;
}
CLC@Embed_Learn:~/2_jingCheng$ vi exec4.c
CLC@Embed_Learn:~/2_jingCheng$ gcc exec4.c
CLC@Embed_Learn:~/2_jingCheng$ ./a.out 
this pro get system date:
Sun Mar  6 13:50:41 CST 2022

老是要找路径好烦,咋办?用execlp!!!  p:使用文件名,并从PATH环境进行寻找可执行文件

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
//函数原型:int execl(const char *path, const char *arg, ...);

int main(void)
{
    printf("this pro ps:\n");
    if(execlp("ps","ps",NULL,NULL) == -1)
    {
        printf("execl failed!\n");

        perror("why");
    }
    printf("after execl\n");
    return 0;
}
this pro ps:
  PID TTY          TIME CMD
30589 pts/27   00:00:01 bash
31772 pts/27   00:00:00 ps

如何让程序在其他路径也可以运行可执行程序呢?

配置环境变量!!!

CLC@Embed_Learn:~/2_jingCheng$ echo $PATH
/usr/lib/lightdm/lightdm:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/opt/FriendlyARM/toolschain/4.5.1/bin
CLC@Embed_Learn:~/2_jingCheng$ 
CLC@Embed_Learn:~/2_jingCheng$ export PATH=$PATH:/home/CLC/2_jingCheng//添加环境变量路径
CLC@Embed_Learn:~/2_jingCheng$ 
CLC@Embed_Learn:~/2_jingCheng$ echo $PATH
/usr/lib/lightdm/lightdm:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/games:/opt/FriendlyARM/toolschain/4.5.1/bin:/home/CLC/2_jingCheng

配置好后,在其他路径运行不需要加./ 

CLC@Embed_Learn:~$ a.out
this pro ps:
  PID TTY          TIME CMD
30589 pts/27   00:00:01 bash
31846 pts/27   00:00:00 ps
CLC@Embed_Learn:~$ 
CLC@Embed_Learn:~$ 
CLC@Embed_Learn:~$ newpro
son print , pid = 31850
son print , pid = 31850
son print , pid = 31850
son print , pid = 31850
son print , pid = 31850
father print , pid = 31849
cnt = 5
father print , pid = 31849
cnt = 5
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
//函数原型:int execl(const char *path, const char *arg, ...);

int main(void)
{
    printf("before execlp****\n");
    char *argv[] = {"ps","-l",NULL};
    if(execvp("ps",argv) == -1)
    {
        printf("execvp failed!\n");
    }
    printf("after execlp*****\n");
    return 0;
}
CLC@Embed_Learn:~/2_jingCheng$ ./a.out 
before execlp****
F S   UID   PID  PPID  C PRI  NI ADDR SZ WCHAN  TTY          TIME CMD
0 S  1000 30589  3796  0  80   0 -  6994 wait   pts/27   00:00:01 bash
0 R  1000 31924 30589  0  80   0 -  3482 -      pts/27   00:00:00 ps
CLC@Embed_Learn:~/2_jingCheng$ vi exec6.c

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