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前言

requests 是 Python 中一个非常流行的 HTTP 请求库，它让发送 HTTP/1.1 请求变得非常简单。以下是 requests 库的基本使用入门指南，包括安装、发送 GET 和 POST 请求、处理响应等。

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一、安装 requests

在python中安装requests：pip install requests

二、使用requests

在此给大家介绍一个学习requests请求网站：秘密神奇

1.发送 GET 请求

构建一个GET请求，请求http://httpbin.org/get

import requests

# 请求网址链接
url = 'https://httpbin.org/get'
# get请求
res = requests.get(url)
# res 的读取方式有三种
# 第一种字节流读：content 需要自己解码
# 第二种字符串：text 已经解码成字符串了
# 第三种json格式：json() 不及解码成了字符串和已经反序列化好了
print(res.text)

结果

{
“args”: {},
“headers”: {
“Accept”: “/”,
“Accept-Encoding”: “gzip, deflate”,
“Host”: “httpbin.org”,
“User-Agent”: “python-requests/2.32.3”,
“X-Amzn-Trace-Id”: “Root=1-66c5de22-3f71e6bc4c9e7cc6454755e3”
},
“origin”: “123.160.225.245”,
“url”: “https://httpbin.org/get”
}

1.发送带有请求参数的GET请求

import requests

url = 'https://httpbin.org/get'
params = {
    'name': '123',
    'age': 22
}
res = requests.get(url, params=params)
# res 的读取方式有三种
# 第一种字节流读：content 需要自己解码
# 第二种字符串：text 已经解码成字符串了
# 第三种json格式：json() 不及解码成了字符串和已经反序列化好了
print(res.text)

结果

{
“args”: {
“age”: “22”,
“name”: “123”
},
“headers”: {
“Accept”: “/”,
“Accept-Encoding”: “gzip, deflate”,
“Host”: “httpbin.org”,
“User-Agent”: “python-requests/2.32.3”,
“X-Amzn-Trace-Id”: “Root=1-66c5df8a-2ad9f14d65028f141ffe26c2”
},
“origin”: “123.160.225.245”,
“url”: “https://httpbin.org/get?name=123&age=22”
}

2.GET请求设置请求头

import requests

url = 'https://httpbin.org/get'
params = {
    'name': '123',
    'age': 22
}
headers = {
  'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/127.0.0.0 Safari/537.36'
}
res = requests.get(url, params=params,headers=headers)
print(res.text)

结果

{
“args”: {
“age”: “22”,
“name”: “123”
},
“headers”: {
“Accept”: “/”,
“Accept-Encoding”: “gzip, deflate”,
“Host”: “httpbin.org”,
“User-Agent”: “Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/127.0.0.0 Safari/537.36”,
“X-Amzn-Trace-Id”: “Root=1-66c5e068-70b6a9ce10147234305f923d”
},
“origin”: “123.160.225.245”,
“url”: “https://httpbin.org/get?name=123&age=22”
}

2.发送 POST 请求

import requests

url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
r = requests.post(url)
print(r.text)

结果

{
“args”: {},
“data”: “”,
“files”: {},
“form”: {},
“headers”: {
“Accept”: “/”,
“Accept-Encoding”: “gzip, deflate”,
“Content-Length”: “0”,
“Host”: “httpbin.org”,
“User-Agent”: “python-requests/2.32.3”,
“X-Amzn-Trace-Id”: “Root=1-66c5e0d9-5f791d2a0f3f97dd3734f095”
},
“json”: null,
“origin”: “123.160.225.245”,
“url”: “http://httpbin.org/post”
}

1.发送带有请求data参数的POST请求

import requests

url = 'https://httpbin.org/post'
data = {
    'name': '123',
    'age': 22
}
res = requests.post(url, data=data)
print(res.text)

结果

{
“args”: {},
“data”: “”,
“files”: {},
“form”: {
“age”: “22”,
“name”: “123”
},
“headers”: {
“Accept”: “/”,
“Accept-Encoding”: “gzip, deflate”,
“Content-Length”: “15”,
“Content-Type”: “application/x-www-form-urlencoded”,
“Host”: “httpbin.org”,
“User-Agent”: “python-requests/2.32.3”,
“X-Amzn-Trace-Id”: “Root=1-66c5e1a2-02ddf2715099b0b30c6635f5”
},
“json”: null,
“origin”: “123.160.225.245”,
“url”: “https://httpbin.org/post”
}

2.发送带有请求json参数的POST请求

import requests

url = 'https://httpbin.org/post'
json = {
    'name': '123',
    'age': 22
}

res = requests.post(url, json=json)
print(res.text)

结果

{
“args”: {},
“data”: “{“name”: “123”, “age”: 22}”,
“files”: {},
“form”: {},
“headers”: {
“Accept”: “/”,
“Accept-Encoding”: “gzip, deflate”,
“Content-Length”: “26”,
“Content-Type”: “application/json”,
“Host”: “httpbin.org”,
“User-Agent”: “python-requests/2.32.3”,
“X-Amzn-Trace-Id”: “Root=1-66c5e1ff-4e2ff4585d5896b87f6b32e8”
},
“json”: {
“age”: 22,
“name”: “123”
},
“origin”: “123.160.225.245”,
“url”: “https://httpbin.org/post”
}

3.设置请求头

import requests

url = 'https://httpbin.org/post'
data = {
    'name': '123',
    'age': 22
}
headers = {
  'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/127.0.0.0 Safari/537.36'
}
res = requests.post(url, data=data)
print(res.text)

结果

{
“args”: {},
“data”: “”,
“files”: {},
“form”: {
“age”: “22”,
“name”: “123”
},
“headers”: {
“Accept”: “/”,
“Accept-Encoding”: “gzip, deflate”,
“Content-Length”: “15”,
“Content-Type”: “application/x-www-form-urlencoded”,
“Host”: “httpbin.org”,
“User-Agent”: “python-requests/2.32.3”,
“X-Amzn-Trace-Id”: “Root=1-66c5e260-290f13444cec81e763816198”
},
“json”: null,
“origin”: “123.160.225.245”,
“url”: “https://httpbin.org/post”
}

3.异常处理

requests 库会抛出异常来指示请求中的问题。最常见的异常是 requests.exceptions.RequestException，它是所有 requests 异常的超类。但通常，你会遇到更具体的异常，如 requests.exceptions.ConnectionError 和 requests.exceptions.HTTPError。你应该通过 try-except 块来处理这些异常：

import requests  
from requests.exceptions import RequestException  
  
try:  
    response = requests.get('https://some-invalid-url.com')  
    response.raise_for_status()  # 如果响应状态码不是200，则抛出HTTPError异常  
except RequestException as e:  
    print(e)

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