在刚开始写Linux设备驱动程序的时候,很多时候都是利用mknod命令手动创建设备节点,实际上Linux内核为我们提供了一组函数,可以用来在模块加载的时候自动在/dev目录下创建相应设备节点,并在卸载模块时删除该节点,当然前提条件是用户空间移植了udev。
内核中定义了struct class结构体,顾名思义,一个struct class结构体类型变量对应一个类,内核同时提供了class_create(…)函数,可以用它来创建一个类,这个类存放于sysfs下面,一旦创建好了这个类,再调用device_create(…)函数来在/dev目录下创建相应的设备节点。这样,加载模块的时候,用户空间中的udev会自动响应device_create(…)函数,去/sysfs下寻找对应的类从而创建设备节点。
注意,在2.6较早的内核版本中,device_create(…)函数名称不同,是class_device_create(…),所以在新的内核中编译以前的模块程序有时会报错,就是因为函数名称不同,而且里面的参数设置也有一些变化。
struct class和device_create(…) 以及device_create(…)都定义在/include/linux/device.h中,使用的时候一定要包含这个头文件,否则编译器会报错。
在2.6.37内核版本中,struct class定义在头文件include/linux/device.h中:
/*
* device classes
*/
struct class {
const char *name;
struct module *owner;
struct class_attribute *class_attrs;
struct device_attribute *dev_attrs;
struct kobject *dev_kobj;
int (*dev_uevent)(struct device *dev, struct kobj_uevent_env *env);
char *(*devnode)(struct device *dev, mode_t *mode);
void (*class_release)(struct class *class);
void (*dev_release)(struct device *dev);
int (*suspend)(struct device *dev, pm_message_t state);
int (*resume)(struct device *dev);
const struct kobj_ns_type_operations *ns_type;
const void *(*namespace)(struct device *dev);
const struct dev_pm_ops *pm;
struct class_private *p;
};
class_create(…)在/drivers/base/class.c中实现:
/*
* class_create - create a struct class structure
* @owner: pointer to the module that is to "own" this struct class
* @name: pointer to a string for the name of this class.
* @key: the lock_class_key for this class; used by mutex lock debugging
*
* This is used to create a struct class pointer that can then be used
* in calls to device_create().
*
* Returns &struct class pointer on success, or ERR_PTR() on error.
*
* Note, the pointer created here is to be destroyed when finished by
* making a call to class_destroy().
*/
struct class *__class_create(struct module *owner, const char *name,
struct lock_class_key *key)
{
struct class *cls;
int retval;
cls = kzalloc(sizeof(*cls), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!cls) {
retval = -ENOMEM;
goto error;
}
cls->name = name;
cls->owner = owner;
cls->class_release = class_create_release;
retval = __class_register(cls, key);
if (retval)
goto error;
return cls;
error:
kfree(cls);
return ERR_PTR(retval);
}
在class.c中,还定义了class_destroy(…)函数,用于在模块卸载时删除类。
void class_destroy(struct class *cls)
{
if ((cls == NULL) || (IS_ERR(cls)))
return;
class_unregister(cls);
}
device_create(…)函数在/drivers/base/core.c中实现:
/**
* device_create - creates a device and registers it with sysfs
*
* @class: pointer to the struct class that this device should be registered to
* @parent: pointer to the parent struct device of this new device, if any
* @devt: the dev_t for the char device to be added
* @drvdata: the data to be added to the device for callbacks
* @fmt: string for the device's name
*
* This function can be used by char device classes. A struct device
* will be created in sysfs, registered to the specified class.
*
* A "dev" file will be created, showing the dev_t for the device, if
* the dev_t is not 0,0.
* If a pointer to a parent struct device is passed in, the newly created
* struct device will be a child of that device in sysfs.
* The pointer to the struct device will be returned from the call.
* Any further sysfs files that might be required can be created using this
* pointer.
*
* Returns &struct device pointer on success, or ERR_PTR() on error.
*
* Note: the struct class passed to this function must have previously
* been created with a call to class_create().
*/
struct device *device_create(struct class *class, struct device *parent,
dev_t devt, void *drvdata, const char *fmt, ...)
{
va_list vargs;
struct device *dev;
va_start(vargs, fmt);
dev = device_create_vargs(class, parent, devt, drvdata, fmt, vargs);
va_end(vargs);
return dev;
}
第一个参数指定所要创建的设备所从属的类;第二个参数是这个设备的父设备,如果没有就指定为NULL;第三个参数是设备号;第四个参数是设备名称;第五个参数是从设备号。
device_destroy(…)函数在/drivers/base/core.c中实现:
/*
* device_destroy - removes a device that was created with device_create()
* @class: pointer to the struct class that this device was registered with
* @devt: the dev_t of the device that was previously registered
*
* This call unregisters and cleans up a device that was created with a
* call to device_create().
*/
void device_destroy(struct class *class, dev_t devt)
{
struct device *dev;
dev = class_find_device(class, NULL, &devt, __match_devt);
if (dev) {
put_device(dev);
device_unregister(dev);
}
}
下面以一个简单字符设备驱动来展示如何使用这几个函数
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/cdev.h>
#include <linux/device.h>
MODULE_LICENSE ("GPL");
int HELLO_MAJOR = 0;
int HELLO_MINOR = 0;
int NUMBER_OF_DEVICES = 2;
struct class *my_class;
struct cdev cdev;
dev_t devno;
struct file_operations hello_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE
};
static int __init hello_init (void)
{
int result;
devno = MKDEV(HELLO_MAJOR, HELLO_MINOR);
if (HELLO_MAJOR)
result = register_chrdev_region(devno, 2, "memdev");
else
{
result = alloc_chrdev_region(&devno, 0, 2, "memdev");
HELLO_MAJOR = MAJOR(devno);
}
printk("MAJOR IS %d\n",HELLO_MAJOR);
my_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE,"hello_char_class"); //类名为hello_char_class
if(IS_ERR(my_class))
{
printk("Err: failed in creating class.\n");
return -1;
}
device_create(my_class,NULL,devno,NULL,"memdev"); //设备名为memdev
if (result<0)
{
printk (KERN_WARNING "hello: can't get major number %d\n", HELLO_MAJOR);
return result;
}
cdev_init(&cdev, &hello_fops);
cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE;
cdev_add(&cdev, devno, NUMBER_OF_DEVICES);
printk (KERN_INFO "Character driver Registered\n");
return 0;
}
static void __exit hello_exit (void)
{
cdev_del (&cdev);
device_destroy(my_class, devno); //delete device node under /dev//必须先删除设备,再删除class类
class_destroy(my_class); //delete class created by us
unregister_chrdev_region (devno,NUMBER_OF_DEVICES);
printk (KERN_INFO "char driver cleaned up\n");
}
module_init (hello_init);
module_exit (hello_exit);
这样,模块加载后,就能在/dev目录下找到memdev这个设备节点了。