JAVA字符集和字符串的编码

先提出问题：

都知道，windows XP 的默认编码方式是GBK，

验证如下：

Charset defaultCharset=java.nio.charset.Charset.defaultCharset();

String name=defaultCharset.name();//输入GBK

也可以从另一个编码的角度来验证：

String testStr = "中国";

byte[] bytes = testStr.getBytes(); //[-42, -48, -71, -6]

byte[] gbkbytes = testStr.getBytes("GBK"); //[-42, -48, -71, -6]

是相同的！

这样，问题就来了，如果我想对字符进行UTF-8格式的编码，怎么做？

下面就讨论这个问题。

JDK本身没有提供对字符串进行编码的接口，所有编码相关的类都位于sun.io.*;和java.nio.charset;中.


其实,有一个私有类被隐藏在JDK中，那就是下面要介绍的对String进行编码、解码的工具类：


java.lang.StringCoding;


它是一个内部类，所有的方法都是默认访问的，一位着只有在lang包中的程序才可见它。


直接把这个类复制来，然后把构造访问值改为public （该类的源码附后）


比如要对一个字符串，进行UTF-8编码

String testStr = "中国";


//转换为char数组

char[] defaultChars = {‘中’,‘国’};


//用UTF-8进行编码（encode）

byte[] utfbytes = StringCoding.encode("UTF-8", defaultChars, 0, defaultChars.length);

//用UTF-8进行解码（decode）

char[] utfChars=StringCoding.decode("UTF-8", utfbytes, 0,utfbytes.length);


//将转换编码后的字符串打印出来

String utfStr=Arrays.toString(utfChars);


附源文件 StringCoding：


/*

* @(#)StringCoding.java 1.13 03/12/19

*

* Copyright 2004 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.

* SUN PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.

*/


package java.lang;


import java.io.CharConversionException;

import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;

import java.lang.ref.SoftReference;

import java.nio.ByteBuffer;

import java.nio.CharBuffer;

import java.nio.BufferOverflowException;

import java.nio.BufferUnderflowException;

import java.nio.charset.Charset;

import java.nio.charset.CharsetDecoder;

import java.nio.charset.CharsetEncoder;

import java.nio.charset.CharacterCodingException;

import java.nio.charset.CoderResult;

import java.nio.charset.CodingErrorAction;

import java.nio.charset.IllegalCharsetNameException;

import java.nio.charset.MalformedInputException;

import java.nio.charset.UnsupportedCharsetException;

import sun.io.ByteToCharConverter;

import sun.io.CharToByteConverter;

import sun.io.Converters;

import sun.misc.MessageUtils;

import sun.nio.cs.HistoricallyNamedCharset;


/**

* Utility class for string encoding and decoding.

*/


class StringCoding {


private StringCoding() { }


/* The cached coders for each thread

*/

private static ThreadLocal decoder = new ThreadLocal();

private static ThreadLocal encoder = new ThreadLocal();


private static boolean warnUnsupportedCharset = true;


private static Object deref(ThreadLocal tl) {

SoftReference sr = (SoftReference)tl.get();

if (sr == null)

return null;

return sr.get();

}


private static void set(ThreadLocal tl, Object ob) {

tl.set(new SoftReference(ob));

}


// Trim the given byte array to the given length

//

private static byte[] trim(byte[] ba, int len) {

if (len == ba.length)

return ba;

byte[] tba = new byte[len];

System.arraycopy(ba, 0, tba, 0, len);

return tba;

}


// Trim the given char array to the given length

//

private static char[] trim(char[] ca, int len) {

if (len == ca.length)

return ca;

char[] tca = new char[len];

System.arraycopy(ca, 0, tca, 0, len);

return tca;

}


private static Charset lookupCharset(String csn) {

if (Charset.isSupported(csn)) {

try {

return Charset.forName(csn);

} catch (UnsupportedCharsetException x) {

throw new Error(x);

}

}

return null;

}


private static void warnUnsupportedCharset(String csn) {

if (warnUnsupportedCharset) {

// Use sun.misc.MessageUtils rather than the Logging API or

// System.err since this method may be called during VM

// initialization before either is available.

MessageUtils.err("WARNING: Default charset " + csn +

" not supported, using ISO-8859-1 instead");

warnUnsupportedCharset = false;

}

}


// -- Decoding --


// Encapsulates either a ByteToCharConverter or a CharsetDecoder

//

private static abstract class StringDecoder {

private final String requestedCharsetName;

protected StringDecoder(String requestedCharsetName) {

this.requestedCharsetName = requestedCharsetName;

}

final String requestedCharsetName() {

return requestedCharsetName;

}

abstract String charsetName();

abstract char[] decode(byte[] ba, int off, int len);

}


// A string decoder based upon a ByteToCharConverter

//

private static class ConverterSD

extends StringDecoder

{

private ByteToCharConverter btc;


private ConverterSD(ByteToCharConverter btc, String rcn) {

super(rcn);

this.btc = btc;

}


String charsetName() {

return btc.getCharacterEncoding();

}


char[] decode(byte[] ba, int off, int len) {

int en = btc.getMaxCharsPerByte() * len;

char[] ca = new char[en];

if (len == 0)

return ca;

btc.reset();

int n = 0;

try {

n = btc.convert(ba, off, off + len, ca, 0, en);

n += btc.flush(ca, btc.nextCharIndex(), en);

} catch (CharConversionException x) {

// Yes, this is what we've always done

n = btc.nextCharIndex();

}

return trim(ca, n);

}


}


// A string decoder based upon a CharsetDecoder

//

private static class CharsetSD

extends StringDecoder

{

private final Charset cs;

private final CharsetDecoder cd;


private CharsetSD(Charset cs, String rcn) {

super(rcn);

this.cs = cs;

this.cd = cs.newDecoder()

.onMalformedInput(CodingErrorAction.REPLACE)

.onUnmappableCharacter(CodingErrorAction.REPLACE);

}


String charsetName() {

if (cs instanceof HistoricallyNamedCharset)

return ((HistoricallyNamedCharset)cs).historicalName();

return cs.name();

}


char[] decode(byte[] ba, int off, int len) {

int en = (int)(cd.maxCharsPerByte() * len);

char[] ca = new char[en];

if (len == 0)

return ca;

cd.reset();

ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.wrap(ba, off, len);

CharBuffer cb = CharBuffer.wrap(ca);

try {

CoderResult cr = cd.decode(bb, cb, true);

if (!cr.isUnderflow())

cr.throwException();

cr = cd.flush(cb);

if (!cr.isUnderflow())

cr.throwException();

} catch (CharacterCodingException x) {

// Substitution is always enabled,

// so this shouldn't happen

throw new Error(x);

}

return trim(ca, cb.position());

}


}


static char[] decode(String charsetName, byte[] ba, int off, int len)

throws UnsupportedEncodingException

{

StringDecoder sd = (StringDecoder)deref(decoder);

String csn = (charsetName == null) ? "ISO-8859-1" : charsetName;

if ((sd == null) || !(csn.equals(sd.requestedCharsetName())

|| csn.equals(sd.charsetName()))) {

sd = null;

try {

Charset cs = lookupCharset(csn);

if (cs != null)

sd = new CharsetSD(cs, csn);

else

sd = null;

} catch (IllegalCharsetNameException x) {

// FALL THROUGH to ByteToCharConverter, for compatibility

}

if (sd == null)

sd = new ConverterSD(ByteToCharConverter.getConverter(csn),

csn);

set(decoder, sd);

}

return sd.decode(ba, off, len);

}


static char[] decode(byte[] ba, int off, int len) {

String csn = Converters.getDefaultEncodingName();

try {

return decode(csn, ba, off, len);

} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException x) {

Converters.resetDefaultEncodingName();

warnUnsupportedCharset(csn);

}

try {

return decode("ISO-8859-1", ba, off, len);

} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException x) {

// If this code is hit during VM initialization, MessageUtils is

// the only way we will be able to get any kind of error message.

MessageUtils.err("ISO-8859-1 charset not available: "

+ x.toString());

// If we can not find ISO-8859-1 (a required encoding) then things

// are seriously wrong with the installation.

System.exit(1);

return null;

}

}


// -- Encoding --


// Encapsulates either a CharToByteConverter or a CharsetEncoder

//

private static abstract class StringEncoder {

private final String requestedCharsetName;

protected StringEncoder(String requestedCharsetName) {

this.requestedCharsetName = requestedCharsetName;

}

final String requestedCharsetName() {

return requestedCharsetName;

}

abstract String charsetName();

abstract byte[] encode(char[] cs, int off, int len);

}


// A string encoder based upon a CharToByteConverter

//

private static class ConverterSE

extends StringEncoder

{

private CharToByteConverter ctb;


private ConverterSE(CharToByteConverter ctb, String rcn) {

super(rcn);

this.ctb = ctb;

}


String charsetName() {

return ctb.getCharacterEncoding();

}


byte[] encode(char[] ca, int off, int len) {

int en = ctb.getMaxBytesPerChar() * len;

byte[] ba = new byte[en];

if (len == 0)

return ba;


ctb.reset();

int n;

try {

n = ctb.convertAny(ca, off, (off + len),

ba, 0, en);

n += ctb.flushAny(ba, ctb.nextByteIndex(), en);

} catch (CharConversionException x) {

throw new Error("Converter malfunction: " +

ctb.getClass().getName(),

x);

}

return trim(ba, n);

}


}


// A string encoder based upon a CharsetEncoder

//

private static class CharsetSE

extends StringEncoder

{

private Charset cs;

private CharsetEncoder ce;


private CharsetSE(Charset cs, String rcn) {

super(rcn);

this.cs = cs;

this.ce = cs.newEncoder()

.onMalformedInput(CodingErrorAction.REPLACE)

.onUnmappableCharacter(CodingErrorAction.REPLACE);

}


String charsetName() {

if (cs instanceof HistoricallyNamedCharset)

return ((HistoricallyNamedCharset)cs).historicalName();

return cs.name();

}


byte[] encode(char[] ca, int off, int len) {

int en = (int)(ce.maxBytesPerChar() * len);

byte[] ba = new byte[en];

if (len == 0)

return ba;


ce.reset();

ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.wrap(ba);

CharBuffer cb = CharBuffer.wrap(ca, off, len);

try {

CoderResult cr = ce.encode(cb, bb, true);

if (!cr.isUnderflow())

cr.throwException();

cr = ce.flush(bb);

if (!cr.isUnderflow())

cr.throwException();

} catch (CharacterCodingException x) {

// Substitution is always enabled,

// so this shouldn't happen

throw new Error(x);

}

return trim(ba, bb.position());

}


}


static byte[] encode(String charsetName, char[] ca, int off, int len)

throws UnsupportedEncodingException

{

StringEncoder se = (StringEncoder)deref(encoder);

String csn = (charsetName == null) ? "ISO-8859-1" : charsetName;

if ((se == null) || !(csn.equals(se.requestedCharsetName())

|| csn.equals(se.charsetName()))) {

se = null;

try {

Charset cs = lookupCharset(csn);

if (cs != null)

se = new CharsetSE(cs, csn);

} catch (IllegalCharsetNameException x) {

// FALL THROUGH to CharToByteConverter, for compatibility

}

if (se == null)

se = new ConverterSE(CharToByteConverter.getConverter(csn),

csn);

set(encoder, se);

}

return se.encode(ca, off, len);

}


static byte[] encode(char[] ca, int off, int len) {

String csn = Converters.getDefaultEncodingName();

try {

return encode(csn, ca, off, len);

} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException x) {

Converters.resetDefaultEncodingName();

warnUnsupportedCharset(csn);

}

try {

return encode("ISO-8859-1", ca, off, len);

} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException x) {

// If this code is hit during VM initialization, MessageUtils is

// the only way we will be able to get any kind of error message.

MessageUtils.err("ISO-8859-1 charset not available: "

+ x.toString());

// If we can not find ISO-8859-1 (a required encoding) then things

// are seriously wrong with the installation.

System.exit(1);

return null;

}

}


}