asterisk 表达式应用：
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http://www.voip-info.org/wiki/view/Asterisk+Expressions
Asterisk Expressions
Asterisk dialplan expressions are special expressions that can be used in the dialplan of Asterisk.
Syntax
$[expr1 operator expr2]
Page Contents
The high-level view of variable evaluations in Asterisk:
Since most user input will come via config files to Asterisk, some filtering and substitutions are done
as the config files are read.
Next, as the dialplan is executed, the ${ ... } variables and functions are evaluated and substituted.
And lastly, the contents of $[ .. ] expressions are evaluated and substituted.
Parameter Quoting:
exten => s,5,BackGround,blablaThe parameter (blabla) can be quoted ("blabla"). In this case, a comma does not terminate the field. However, the double quotes will be passed down to the Background command, in this example.
Also, characters special to variable substitution, expression evaluation, etc (see below), can be quoted. For example, to literally use a $ on the string "$1231", quote it with a preceding /. Special characters that must be quoted to be used, are [ ] $ " /. (to write / itself, use //).
These double quotes and escapes are evaluated at the level of the asterisk config file parser.
Double quotes can also be used inside expressions, as discussed below.
Spaces Inside Variable
UPDATE: with the latest Asterisk Beta (1.2.0_2) there is the following notice:Dialplan Expressions:
- The dialplan expression parser (which handles $[ ... ] constructs) has gone through a major upgrade, but has one incompatible change: spaces are no longer required around expression operators, including string comparisons. However, you can now use quoting to keep strings together for comparison. For more details, please read the doc/README.variables file, and check over your dialplan for possible problems.
If the variable being evaluated contains spaces, there can be problems.
For these cases, double quotes around text that may contain spaces will force the surrounded text to be evaluated as a single token. The double quotes will be counted as part of that lexical token.
As an example:
exten => s,6,GotoIf($[ "${CALLERIDNAME}" : "Privacy Manager" ]?callerid-liar|s|1:s|7)
The variable CALLERIDNAME could evaluate to "DELOREAN MOTORS" (with a space) but the above will evaluate to:
"DELOREAN MOTORS" : "Privacy Manager"
and will evaluate to 0.
The above without double quotes would have evaluated to:
DELOREAN MOTORS : Privacy Manager
and will result in syntax errors, because token DELOREAN is immediately followed by token MOTORS and the expression parser will not know how to evaluate this expression.
Null Strings
Testing to see if a string is null can be done in one of three different ways:exten => _XX.,1,GotoIf($["${calledid}" != ""]?3)
exten => _XX.,1,GotoIf($[foo${calledid} != foo]?3)
exten => _XX.,1,GotoIf($[${LEN(${calledid})} > 0]?3)
The second example above is the way suggested by the WIKI. It will work as long as there are no spaces in the evaluated value.
The first way should work in all cases, and indeed, might now be the safest way to handle this situation.
The third way seems the most logical. Anyone care to comment. Besides the LEN() function, there is now also ISNULL. Keep in mind such function calls need to kept inside ${...}.
Logical operators
- expr1 | expr2 (Logical OR)
- If expr1 evaluates to a non-empty string or a non-zero value, returns this value ("true"). Otherwise returns the evaluation of expr2.
- expr1 & expr2 (Logical AND)
- !expr (Logical Unary Complement)
- If both expressions evaluate to non-empty strings or non-zero values, then returns the value of expr1 ("true"). Otherwise returns zero ("false").
- Not available in versions of Asterisk < 1.1
- Note that if a space is inserted between the '!' and the expression, an error will occur.
Comparison operators
- expr1 = expr2
- expr1 != expr2
- expr1 < expr2
- expr1 > expr2
- expr1 <= expr2
- expr1 >= expr2
- If both arguments are integers, returns the result of an integer comparison. Otherwise returns the result of string comparison using the locale-specific collation sequence. In either case, the result of a comparison is 1 if the specified relation is true, or 0 if the relation is false.
Arithmetic operators
- expr1 + expr2
- expr1 - expr2
- - expr (unary negation operator)
- Returns the results of addition or subtraction of integer-valued arguments.
- Not available in versions of Asterisk < 1.1
- expr1 * expr2
- expr1 / expr2
- expr1 % expr2
- Return the results of multiplication, integer division, or remainder of integer-valued arguments.
Asterisk 1.6 Arithmetic
In 1.6 and above, we upgraded the $[] expressions to handle floating point numbers. Because of this, folks counting on integer behavior would be disrupted. To make the same results possible, some rounding and integer truncation functions have been added to the core of the Expr2 parser. Indeed, dialplan functions can be called from $.. expressions without the ${...} operators. The only trouble might be in the fact that the arguments to these functions must be specified with a comma. If you try to call the MATH function, for example, and try to say 3 + MATH(7*8), the expression parser will evaluate 7*8 for you into 56, and the MATH function will most likely complain that its input doesn't make any sense. We also provide access to most of the floating point functions in the C library. (but not all of them).
While we don't expect someone to want to do Fourier analysis in the dialplan, we don't want to preclude it, either.
Here is a list of the 'builtin' functions in Expr2. All other dialplan functions are available by simply calling them (read-only). In other words, you don't need to surround function calls in $... expressions with ${...}. Don't jump to conclusions, though! - you still need to wrap variable names in curly braces!
- COS(x) x is in radians. Results vary from -1 to 1.
- SIN(x) x is in radians. Results vary from -1 to 1.
- TAN(x) x is in radians.
- ACOS(x) x should be a value between -1 and 1.
- ASIN(x) x should be a value between -1 and 1.
- ATAN(x) returns the arc tangent in radians; between -PI/2 and PI/2.
- ATAN2(x,y) returns a result resembling y/x, except that the signs of both args are used to determine the quadrant of the result. Its result is in radians, between -PI and PI.
- POW(x,y) returns the value of x raised to the power of y.
- SQRT(x) returns the square root of x.
- FLOOR(x) rounds x down to the nearest integer.
- CEIL(x) rounds x up to the nearest integer.
- ROUND(x) rounds x to the nearest integer, but round halfway cases away from zero.
- RINT(x) rounds x to the nearest integer, rounding halfway cases to the nearest even integer.
- TRUNC(x) rounds x to the nearest integer not larger in absolute value.
- REMAINDER(x,y) computes the remainder of dividing x by y. The return value is x - n*y, where n is the value x/y, rounded to the nearest integer. If this quotient is 1/2, it is rounded to the nearest even number.
- EXP(x) returns e to the x power.
- EXP2(x) returns 2 to the x power.
- LOG(x) returns the natural logarithm of x.
- LOG2(x) returns the base 2 log of x.
- LOG10(x) returns the base 10 log of x.
Regular expressions
- expr1 : regexp
- The ':' operator matches expr1 against regexp, which must be a regular expression. The regular expression is anchored to the beginning of the string with an implicit '^'.
- If the match succeeds and regexp contains at least one regular expression subexpression '/(.../)', the string corresponding to '/1' is returned; otherwise the result returned is the number of characters matched. If the match fails and regexp contains a regular expression subexpression, the null string is returned; otherwise 0.
- expr1 =~ expr2
- Exactly the same as the ':' operator, except that the match is not anchored to the beginning of the string. Pardon any similarity to seemingly similar operators in other programming languages!
- The ":" and "=~" operators share the same precedence.
- Not available in versions of Asterisk < 1.1
THE DOCUMENTATION ABOVE FOR REGULAR EXPRESSIONS IS WOEFULLY INADEQUATE. The problem seems to be that the regular expression syntax conflicts with Asterisk expression syntax. As a result, one must backslash escape anything which looks like it might be an expression operator. Also, contrary to what is suggested above, it does not seem to be necessary to backslash escape the parentheses.
Here is one example that works:
exten => stripcidtext,n,Set(regx="([0-9]+)") ; Note the quotes -- and note that parentheses are REQUIRED if you want to return the matched string
exten => stripcidtext,n,Set(cid2=$["${cid}" : ${regx}]) ; Returns numeric beginning to string
So if ${cid} contains 123foo then ${cid2} will contain just 123.
However, if ${cid} contains foo123 then ${cid2} will be empty. Supposedly you could use =~ instead of : and the string matching would work anywhere, but I don't think that works correctly (at least, I could not get =~ to work).
Here is another example:
exten => s,n,Set(enum-protocol=$["${enum-record}" : "([a-zA-Z0-9]/+)/:"])
If enum-record contains "sip:18005558355@tf.voipmich.com", then this command will set enum-protocol to "sip".
Conditional operator
- expr1 ? expr2 :: expr3
- Traditional Conditional operator. If expr1 is a number that evaluates to 0 (false), expr3 is result of the this expression evaluation. Otherwise, expr2 is the result.
- If expr1 is a string, and evaluates to an empty string, or the two characters (""), then expr3 is the result. Otherwise, expr2 is the result.
- In Asterisk, all 3 exprs will be "evaluated"; if expr1 is "true", expr2 will be the result of the "evaluation" of this expression. expr3 will be the result otherwise.
- This operator has the lowest precedence.
- Not available in versions of Asterisk < 1.1
- This operator is quite buggy. The IF function is recommended instead.
Parentheses are used for grouping in the usual manner.
Operator Precedence
- Parentheses: (, )
- Unary operators !, -
- Regular expression comparison: :, =~
- Multiplicative arithmetic operators: *, /, %
- Additive arithmetic operators: +, -
- Comparison operators: =, !=, <, >, <=, >=
- Logical operators: |, &
- Conditional operator: ? :
Conditionals
There are now several conditional applications-- an example is the conditional gotoIf :
exten => 1,2,GotoIf,condition?label1:label2
If condition is true go to label1, else go to label2. Labels are interpreted exactly as in the normal goto command.
"condition" is just a string. If the string is empty or "0", the condition is considered to be false, if it's anything else, the condition is true. This is designed to be used together with the expression syntax described above, eg :
exten => 1,2,GotoIf,$[${CALLERID} = 123456]2|1:3|1
Example
After the sequence:
exten => 1,1,SetVar(lala=$[1 + 2]);
exten => 1,2,SetVar(koko=$[2 * ${lala}]);
the value of ${koko} is "6".
See also
This next pages example is :
Asterisk cmd GotoIf
Synopsis
Conditional goto
Description
GotoIf(condition?label1[:label2])
GotoIf(condition?context1,extension1,priority1:context2,extension2,priority2)
Go to label1 if condition is true or to next step (or label2 if defined) if condition is false, or
GotoIf(condition?[label1]:label2)
Go to next step (or label1 if defined) if condition is true or to label2 if condition is false.
Either label1 or label2 may be omitted (in that case, we just don't take the particular branch), but not both.
condition is just a string. If the string is empty or "0", the condition is considered to be false. If it is anything else, the condition is true. This is designed to be used together with expression syntax.
Labels take the form '[[context,]extension,]priority', so they can be (a) a priority, (b) an extension and a priority, or (c) a context, an extension and a priority. This is the same syntax as for the Goto command.
Example 1
exten => 206,1,GotoIf($["${CALLERID(num)}" = "303"]?dial1)
exten => 206,n,GotoIf($["${CALLERID(num)}" != "304"]?moh:dial2)
exten => 206,n(dial1),Dial(${SPHONE1},15,rt)
exten => 206,n,Hangup()
exten => 206,n(dial2),Dial(${PHONE2},15,rt)
exten => 206,n,Hangup()
exten => 206,n(moh),MusicOnHold(default)20050427 - Note that ${CALLERID(num)} can contain spaces (e.g. "No CID available" from some Zap channels), and the example above has been corrected to cope with this situation - without the quotes around ${CALLERID(num)} it doesn't work!
Example 2
; Are the first three digits of the returned value of ${ENUM} are
; either SIP or IAX? If not, we ignore and pass to normal
; dialing path at priority 4.
;
exten => _011X.,2,GotoIf($[$["${ENUM:0:3}" = "SIP"] | $["${ENUM:0:3}" = "IAX"]]?3:4)
Example 3
; This example checks for blank caller ID or 800 numbers.
; Callers from 800 numbers (usually telemarketers) or those
; with no caller ID are asked to press 1 to speak with me.
exten => s,1,NoOp(${CALLERID}) ; log callerID string
; check for callerID. If none, make them hit 1.
exten => s,n,GotoIf($["${CALLERID(num)}" = ""]?1000)
; If 800 number, make them hit 1.
exten => s,n,GotoIf($["${CALLERID(num):0:3}" = "877"]?1000)
exten => s,n,GotoIf($["${CALLERID(num):0:3}" = "800"]?1000)
; OK, we have valid caller ID and it's not an 800 number.
; Let's ring our phones now:
exten => s,n,Dial(SIP/604&SIP/602,25,tr)
exten => s,1000,Background(press1tospeaktome)
Example 4 with func_odbc
in func_odbc.conf:
[ISLOCAL]
dsn=foo
read=SELECT COUNT(*) FROM localexchanges WHERE prefix='${ARG1:0:6}'
in extensions.conf:
exten => _011-1-NXX-NXX-XXXX,1,GotoIf(${ODBC_ISLOCAL(${EXTEN:4})}?${EXTEN:4},1:${EXTEN:3},1)
Hints
It is worthwhile adding a test for null values, even though modern versions of Asterisk and/or Bison are known to work,
It seems that some still require a hack to test for null values:
For example, assume that the function CALLERID(num) returns an empty string
GotoIf($[${CALLERID(num)} = 123456789]?3:2)
will cause an error. Instead, use either
GotoIf($[foo${CALLERID(num)} = foo123456789]?3:2)
or
GotoIf($["${CALLERID(num)}" = "123456789"]?3:2)
Note that if CALLERID(num) contains a space, the first alternative (foo${CALLERID(num)}) will fail with an error. The use of speech-marks ("") is therefore the recommended method.
Likewise you might want to add a leading 0 if you need to perform a numeric comparison:
$[0${GROUP_COUNT(numcalls)} > 40]
Also, the use of spacing is very important if you're not using quoted values on both sides of the comparison. So, when testing characters 2 and 3 of ARG1 when ARG1 = "u6432" :
; will correctly evaluate to false (and carry on at step 3):
exten => s,2,GotoIf($[${ARG1:1:2} = 61]?6100)
; will always evaluate true (and wrongly jump to step 6100):
exten => s,2,GotoIf($[${ARG1:1:2}=61]?6100)
; will complain about a mismatched number of characters in
; the comparison (notice the space), thus:
exten => s,2,GotoIf($[${ARG1:1:2} =61]?6100)
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