一、OOP之Thread、Runnable和Callable
Java中Thread代表线程对象，而Runnable和Callable均代表了线程执行的target对象，这种设计透露了OOP的思想，在AOP思想盛行的今天，再回顾一下OOP设计的精妙！
常常说Java创建线程有三种方式，分别是Thread、Runnable、Callable三种。换个角度来看实际上就一种Thread，最终都是new出来一个Thread对象，通过start方法调用线程执行体run方法。Thread里面本来就有线程执行体run方法，但是如果你传入了新的target（Runnable或者Callable），那么就在自己的线程执行体run中转调target的run方法作为线程执行体。
简单总结一下，再从节选的源码中剖析。
创建线程的方式之OOP思想：
1. 如果是采用继承Thread的方式创建线程，则需要重写run的逻辑，通过OOP中多态的思想（父类引用直接指向子类对象）或者理解成动态加载技术实际上调用的是子类的线程执行体run；
2. 如果采用的是传入target（传入Runnable或Callable）方式创建线程，则调用的还是Thread对象中的原生的run方法，该run中则转调target的run方法来完成线程的执行；
3. 实际上，线程执行体不是taret中的run方法，而是Thread中的run方法；
如果需要简单了解三种方式的创建过程，烦请参见另一篇博客：《多线程基础》，写的比较早，比较粗浅，见谅！
二、OOP之源码剖析
下面，进入源码剖析。
1. Thread
/**
* Causes this thread to begin execution; the Java Virtual Machine
* calls the <code>run</code> method of this thread.
* <p>
* The result is that two threads are running concurrently: the
* current thread (which returns from the call to the
* <code>start</code> method) and the other thread (which executes its
* <code>run</code> method).
* <p>
* It is never legal to start a thread more than once.
* In particular, a thread may not be restarted once it has completed
* execution.
*
* @exception IllegalThreadStateException if the thread was already
* started.
* @see #run()
* @see #stop()
* 正确启动线程的方法，该方法做了两件事
* 1. 启动本地线程
* 2. 在本地线程中转调线程执行体run方法
*/
public synchronized void start() {
/**
* This method is not invoked for the main method thread or "system"
* group threads created/set up by the VM. Any new functionality added
* to this method in the future may have to also be added to the VM.
*
* A zero status value corresponds to state "NEW".
*/
if (threadStatus != 0)
throw new IllegalThreadStateException();
/* Notify the group that this thread is about to be started
* so that it can be added to the group's list of threads
* and the group's unstarted count can be decremented. */
group.add(this);
boolean started = false;
try {
//启动本地线程的方法
start0();
started = true;
} finally {
try {
if (!started) {
group.threadStartFailed(this);
}
} catch (Throwable ignore) {
/* do nothing. If start0 threw a Throwable then
it will be passed up the call stack */
}
}
}
//native方法，用于启动操作系统中的真正线程
private native void start0();
/**
* If this thread was constructed using a separate
* <code>Runnable</code> run object, then that
* <code>Runnable</code> object's <code>run</code> method is called;
* otherwise, this method does nothing and returns.
* <p>
* Subclasses of <code>Thread</code> should override this method.
*
* @see #start()
* @see #stop()
* @see #Thread(ThreadGroup, Runnable, String)
* 线程执行体
* 1. 如果采用继承方式来实现线程，那么因为多态，则不会调用该方法，而是调用子类的run方法
* 2. 如果采用target方式来实现线程，那么直接调用该方法，但是在该方法中转调了target的run方法，实际上我们自己组织的逻辑在
* target的run方法中
*/
@Override
public void run() {
if (target != null) {
target.run();
}
}
/**
* This method is called by the system to give a Thread
* a chance to clean up before it actually exits.
* 线程推出前的资源回收操作
*/
private void exit() {
if (group != null) {
group.threadTerminated(this);
group = null;
}
/* Aggressively null out all reference fields: see bug 4006245 */
target = null;
/* Speed the release of some of these resources */
threadLocals = null;
inheritableThreadLocals = null;
inheritedAccessControlContext = null;
blocker = null;
uncaughtExceptionHandler = null;
}2. Runnable
首先不要忘了，Runnable是作为线程执行的target而存在，看一下Thread中有关target的源码如下。
/*
* Copyright (c) 1994, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
* ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
* @author unascribed
* @see Runnable
* @see Runtime#exit(int)
* @see #run()
* @see #stop()
* @since JDK1.0
*/
public class Thread implements Runnable {
/* What will be run. */
//线程中明确定义了target作为其属性，默认值为null
private Runnable target;
/**
* Allocates a new {@code Thread} object. This constructor has the same
* effect as {@linkplain #Thread(ThreadGroup,Runnable,String) Thread}
* {@code (null, target, gname)}, where {@code gname} is a newly generated
* name. Automatically generated names are of the form
* {@code "Thread-"+}<i>n</i>, where <i>n</i> is an integer.
*
* @param target
* the object whose {@code run} method is invoked when this thread
* is started. If {@code null}, this classes {@code run} method does
* nothing.
* 如果构造方法中传入target，则在init方法中将传入的target赋给自己的属性target，否则传入自己的属性target值为null
*/
public Thread(Runnable target) {
init(null, target, "Thread-" + nextThreadNum(), 0);
}
/**
* Allocates a new {@code Thread} object. This constructor has the same
* effect as {@linkplain #Thread(ThreadGroup,Runnable,String) Thread}
* {@code (null, target, name)}.
*
* @param target
* the object whose {@code run} method is invoked when this thread
* is started. If {@code null}, this thread's run method is invoked.
*
* @param name
* the name of the new thread
* 同上，只是线程自定义名称
*/
public Thread(Runnable target, String name) {
init(null, target, name, 0);
}
/**
* Initializes a Thread.
*
* @param g the Thread group
* @param target the object whose run() method gets called
* @param name the name of the new Thread
* @param stackSize the desired stack size for the new thread, or
* zero to indicate that this parameter is to be ignored.
* @param acc the AccessControlContext to inherit, or
* AccessController.getContext() if null
*/
private void init(ThreadGroup g, Runnable target, String name,
long stackSize, AccessControlContext acc) {
if (name == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("name cannot be null");
}
this.name = name.toCharArray();
Thread parent = currentThread();
SecurityManager security = System.getSecurityManager();
if (g == null) {
/* Determine if it's an applet or not */
/* If there is a security manager, ask the security manager
what to do. */
if (security != null) {
g = security.getThreadGroup();
}
/* If the security doesn't have a strong opinion of the matter
use the parent thread group. */
if (g == null) {
g = parent.getThreadGroup();
}
}
/* checkAccess regardless of whether or not threadgroup is
explicitly passed in. */
g.checkAccess();
/*
* Do we have the required permissions?
*/
if (security != null) {
if (isCCLOverridden(getClass())) {
security.checkPermission(SUBCLASS_IMPLEMENTATION_PERMISSION);
}
}
g.addUnstarted();
this.group = g;
this.daemon = parent.isDaemon();
this.priority = parent.getPriority();
if (security == null || isCCLOverridden(parent.getClass()))
this.contextClassLoader = parent.getContextClassLoader();
else
this.contextClassLoader = parent.contextClassLoader;
this.inheritedAccessControlContext =
acc != null ? acc : AccessController.getContext();
//在此处完成target的注入
this.target = target;
setPriority(priority);
if (parent.inheritableThreadLocals != null)
this.inheritableThreadLocals =
ThreadLocal.createInheritedMap(parent.inheritableThreadLocals);
/* Stash the specified stack size in case the VM cares */
this.stackSize = stackSize;
/* Set thread ID */
tid = nextThreadID();
}
/**
* If this thread was constructed using a separate
* <code>Runnable</code> run object, then that
* <code>Runnable</code> object's <code>run</code> method is called;
* otherwise, this method does nothing and returns.
* <p>
* Subclasses of <code>Thread</code> should override this method.
*
* @see #start()
* @see #stop()
* @see #Thread(ThreadGroup, Runnable, String)
* 重点方法，在没有多态的前提下（非继承Thread方式创建线程），是调用该方法
* 但是在该方法中，转调了传进来的Runnable的run方法
* 也即是实际上在线程执行体中实际运行的是该run方法，但是run方法转调了我们自己写的逻辑——Runnable中的run方法
*/
@Override
public void run() {
if (target != null) {
target.run();
}
}
}在Thread中成功完成方法的转调，转调到了Runnable的run方法，实际上Runnable是一个接口，该接口里面就一个方法run的声明，而采用Runnable方式创建线程，是需要我们实现Runnable接口并重写线程执行逻辑run方法。Runnable源码如下。
/*
* Copyright (c) 1994, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
* ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
*/
package java.lang;
/**
* The <code>Runnable</code> interface should be implemented by any
* class whose instances are intended to be executed by a thread. The
* class must define a method of no arguments called <code>run</code>.
* <p>
* This interface is designed to provide a common protocol for objects that
* wish to execute code while they are active. For example,
* <code>Runnable</code> is implemented by class <code>Thread</code>.
* Being active simply means that a thread has been started and has not
* yet been stopped.
* <p>
* In addition, <code>Runnable</code> provides the means for a class to be
* active while not subclassing <code>Thread</code>. A class that implements
* <code>Runnable</code> can run without subclassing <code>Thread</code>
* by instantiating a <code>Thread</code> instance and passing itself in
* as the target. In most cases, the <code>Runnable</code> interface should
* be used if you are only planning to override the <code>run()</code>
* method and no other <code>Thread</code> methods.
* This is important because classes should not be subclassed
* unless the programmer intends on modifying or enhancing the fundamental
* behavior of the class.
*
* @author Arthur van Hoff
* @see java.lang.Thread
* @see java.util.concurrent.Callable
* @since JDK1.0
*/
@FunctionalInterface
public interface Runnable {
/**
* When an object implementing interface <code>Runnable</code> is used
* to create a thread, starting the thread causes the object's
* <code>run</code> method to be called in that separately executing
* thread.
* <p>
* The general contract of the method <code>run</code> is that it may
* take any action whatsoever.
*
* @see java.lang.Thread#run()
*/
public abstract void run();
}
3. Callable
无论是通过继承Thread还是通过实现Runnable来创建线程，都无法获取线程是否执行完成的状态，也就是作为线程执行体的run方法并没有返回值，因此在JDK 1.5中增加了Callable方式创建线程，该方式允许执行的线程抛出异常和返回执行的状态（返回值）。看一下Callable的代码。
/*
* ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
* Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
* Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
* http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
*/
package java.util.concurrent;
/**
* A task that returns a result and may throw an exception.
* Implementors define a single method with no arguments called
* {@code call}.
*
* <p>The {@code Callable} interface is similar to {@link
* java.lang.Runnable}, in that both are designed for classes whose
* instances are potentially executed by another thread. A
* {@code Runnable}, however, does not return a result and cannot
* throw a checked exception.
*
* <p>The {@link Executors} class contains utility methods to
* convert from other common forms to {@code Callable} classes.
*
* @see Executor
* @since 1.5
* @author Doug Lea
* @param <V> the result type of method {@code call}
*/
@FunctionalInterface
public interface Callable<V> {
/**
* Computes a result, or throws an exception if unable to do so.
*
* @return computed result
* @throws Exception if unable to compute a result
*/
V call() throws Exception;
} 现在存在的疑问是：本地线程怎么调用call方法来执行我们的逻辑？
在Java已有的线程逻辑中，要想本地线程调用该方法，Callable要么继承Thread，要么继承Runnable，显然接口不可能继承Thread，那么就剩下继承Runnable一条路，但是Callable接口并没有继承任接口，这是为什么呢？已经明确的是，真正的线程执行体是Thread类或其子类中的run方法，而不是其他任何类中的run方法，那么无论如何通过Thread或Runnable是无法获取返回值的。为了实现获取返回值，Callable的实现类需要被封装到FutureTask对象中，因此FutureTask必然实现Runnable或继承Thread，无论采用哪一种方式，实现或重写run方法都不会有返回值，因此需要通过在FutureTask中定义属性保存执行结果，从而返回。事实上，要想获取返回值，FutureTask继承Thread可以做到，实现Runnable接口也可以做到，Java为了更好的扩展性，采用了实现Runnable接口，相关源码摘取如下所示。
/*
* ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
* Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
* Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
* http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
*/
package java.util.concurrent;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.LockSupport;
/**
* A cancellable asynchronous computation. This class provides a base
* implementation of {@link Future}, with methods to start and cancel
* a computation, query to see if the computation is complete, and
* retrieve the result of the computation. The result can only be
* retrieved when the computation has completed; the {@code get}
* methods will block if the computation has not yet completed. Once
* the computation has completed, the computation cannot be restarted
* or cancelled (unless the computation is invoked using
* {@link #runAndReset}).
*
* <p>A {@code FutureTask} can be used to wrap a {@link Callable} or
* {@link Runnable} object. Because {@code FutureTask} implements
* {@code Runnable}, a {@code FutureTask} can be submitted to an
* {@link Executor} for execution.
*
* <p>In addition to serving as a standalone class, this class provides
* {@code protected} functionality that may be useful when creating
* customized task classes.
*
* @since 1.5
* @author Doug Lea
* @param <V> The result type returned by this FutureTask's {@code get} methods
*/
public class FutureTask<V> implements RunnableFuture<V> {
/** The underlying callable; nulled out after running */
//和Thread中private Runnable target如出一辙，都是为了线程逻辑的注入
private Callable<V> callable;
/** The result to return or exception to throw from get() */
//run的返回值是void，因此要想获取返回值，就只能保存到FutureTask的属性中，outcome因此而生
private Object outcome; // non-volatile, protected by state reads/writes
/**
* Creates a {@code FutureTask} that will, upon running, execute the
* given {@code Callable}.
*
* @param callable the callable task
* @throws NullPointerException if the callable is null
* FutureTask的所有两个构造方法都需要注入参数
* 1. 如果返回值是需要根据线程执行而产生变化，则采用该构造法方法
* 2. 如果返回值不需要根据线程的执行而变化，在执行前就能确定，那么就应该调用FutureTask(Runnable runnable, V result)方法
*
*/
public FutureTask(Callable<V> callable) {
if (callable == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
this.callable = callable;
this.state = NEW; // ensure visibility of callable
}
/**
* Creates a {@code FutureTask} that will, upon running, execute the
* given {@code Runnable}, and arrange that {@code get} will return the
* given result on successful completion.
*
* @param runnable the runnable task
* @param result the result to return on successful completion. If
* you don't need a particular result, consider using
* constructions of the form:
* {@code Future<?> f = new FutureTask<Void>(runnable, null)}
* @throws NullPointerException if the runnable is null
* FutureTask的两个构造方法之一，采用该构造方法，需要提前明确返回值，即返回值不应该随着线程的执行而变化，提前就可以确定
* 传入的Runnable在Executors中通过静态内部类 RunnableAdapter<T> implements Callable<T>进行改写，最终也转成了Callable
*/
public FutureTask(Runnable runnable, V result) {
this.callable = Executors.callable(runnable, result);
this.state = NEW; // ensure visibility of callable
}
/**
* FutureTask实现了Runnable，因此需要重写run方法
* 1. run方法中转调了Callable的call方法
* 2. call方法执行的返回值通过set方法保存到了属性outcome中
* 3. 要想获得返回值，则需要调用FutureTask的get方法，获取outcome属性的值
*/
public void run() {
if (state != NEW ||
!UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, runnerOffset,
null, Thread.currentThread()))
return;
try {
Callable<V> c = callable;
if (c != null && state == NEW) {
V result;
boolean ran;
try {
//转调Callable，并获取返回值
result = c.call();
ran = true;
} catch (Throwable ex) {
result = null;
ran = false;
setException(ex);
}
//如果执行成功，则将返回值赋值给实例属性outcome
if (ran)
set(result);
}
} finally {
// runner must be non-null until state is settled to
// prevent concurrent calls to run()
runner = null;
// state must be re-read after nulling runner to prevent
// leaked interrupts
int s = state;
if (s >= INTERRUPTING)
handlePossibleCancellationInterrupt(s);
}
}
/**
* Sets the result of this future to the given value unless
* this future has already been set or has been cancelled.
*
* <p>This method is invoked internally by the {@link #run} method
* upon successful completion of the computation.
*
* @param v the value
* 将Callable中call方法执行的返回值赋给outcome属性
*/
protected void set(V v) {
if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, stateOffset, NEW, COMPLETING)) {
outcome = v;
UNSAFE.putOrderedInt(this, stateOffset, NORMAL); // final state
finishCompletion();
}
}
/**
* @throws CancellationException {@inheritDoc}
* 获取线程执行的返回值，实际上获取的是我们自定义线程执行逻辑的返回值，而不是线程执行体的返回值
* 线程执行体是永远没有返回值的，Java采用了一种这种的方法来实现
*/
public V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
int s = state;
if (s <= COMPLETING)
s = awaitDone(false, 0L);
return report(s);
}
}
附注：
本文如有错漏，烦请不吝指正，谢谢！
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