代码随想录Day03

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链表理论基础

链表是一种通过指针串联在一起的线性结构，每一个节点由两部分组成，一个是数据域一个是指针域（存放指向下一个节点的指针），最后一个节点的指针域指向null（空指针的意思）

单链表

双链表

每一个节点有两个指针域，一个指向下一个节点，一个指向上一个节点
双链表 既可以向前查询也可以向后查询

循环链表

循环链表，顾名思义，就是链表首尾相连。

循环链表可以用来解决约瑟夫环问题

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链表的存储方式

链表是通过指针域的指针链接在内存中各个节点
所以链表中的节点在内存中不是连续分布的 ，而是散乱分布在内存中的某地址上，分配机制取决于操作系统的内存管理
如图所示：

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性能分析

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203、移除链表元素

public ListNode removeElements(ListNode head, int val) {
    ListNode dummy = new ListNode(-1);
    dummy.next = head;

    ListNode prev = dummy;
    while (prev.next != null) {
        if (prev.next.val == val) {
            prev.next = prev.next.next;
        } else {
            prev = prev.next;
        }
    }

    return dummy.next;
}

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707、设计链表

//单链表
class ListNode {
    int val;
    ListNode next;
    ListNode(){}
    ListNode(int val) {
        this.val=val;
    }
}
class MyLinkedList {
    //size存储链表元素的个数
    int size;
    //虚拟头结点
    ListNode head;

    //初始化链表
    public MyLinkedList() {
        size = 0;
        head = new ListNode(0);
    }

    //获取第index个节点的数值
    public int get(int index) {
        //如果index非法，返回-1
        if (index < 0 || index >= size) {
            return -1;
        }
        ListNode currentNode = head;
        //包含一个虚拟头节点，所以查找第 index+1 个节点
        for (int i = 0; i <= index; i++) {
            currentNode = currentNode.next;
        }
        return currentNode.val;
    }

    //在链表最前面插入一个节点
    public void addAtHead(int val) {
        addAtIndex(0, val);
    }

    //在链表的最后插入一个节点
    public void addAtTail(int val) {
        addAtIndex(size, val);
    }

    // 在第 index 个节点之前插入一个新节点，例如index为0，那么新插入的节点为链表的新头节点。
    // 如果 index 等于链表的长度，则说明是新插入的节点为链表的尾结点
    // 如果 index 大于链表的长度，则返回空
    public void addAtIndex(int index, int val) {
        if (index > size) {
            return;
        }
        if (index < 0) {
            index = 0;
        }
        size++;
        //找到要插入节点的前驱
        ListNode pred = head;
        for (int i = 0; i < index; i++) {
            pred = pred.next;
        }
        ListNode toAdd = new ListNode(val);
        toAdd.next = pred.next;
        pred.next = toAdd;
    }

    //删除第index个节点
    public void deleteAtIndex(int index) {
        if (index < 0 || index >= size) {
            return;
        }
        size--;
        ListNode pred = head;
        for (int i = 0; i < index; i++) {
            pred = pred.next;
        }
        pred.next = pred.next.next;
    }
}

//双链表
class MyLinkedList {
    class ListNode {
        int val;
        ListNode next,prev;
        ListNode(int x) {val = x;}
    }

    int size;
    ListNode head,tail;//Sentinel node

    /** Initialize your data structure here. */
    public MyLinkedList() {
        size = 0;
        head = new ListNode(0);
        tail = new ListNode(0);
        head.next = tail;
        tail.prev = head;
    }
    
    /** Get the value of the index-th node in the linked list. If the index is invalid, return -1. */
    public int get(int index) {
        if(index < 0 || index >= size){return -1;}
        ListNode cur = head;

        // 通过判断 index < (size - 1) / 2 来决定是从头结点还是尾节点遍历，提高效率
        if(index < (size - 1) / 2){
            for(int i = 0; i <= index; i++){
                cur = cur.next;
            }            
        }else{
            cur = tail;
            for(int i = 0; i <= size - index - 1; i++){
                cur = cur.prev;
            }
        }
        return cur.val;
    }
    
    /** Add a node of value val before the first element of the linked list. After the insertion, the new node will be the first node of the linked list. */
    public void addAtHead(int val) {
        ListNode cur = head;
        ListNode newNode = new ListNode(val);
        newNode.next = cur.next;
        cur.next.prev = newNode;
        cur.next = newNode;
        newNode.prev = cur;
        size++;
    }
    
    /** Append a node of value val to the last element of the linked list. */
    public void addAtTail(int val) {
        ListNode cur = tail;
        ListNode newNode = new ListNode(val);
        newNode.next = tail;
        newNode.prev = cur.prev;
        cur.prev.next = newNode;
        cur.prev = newNode;
        size++;
    }
    
    /** Add a node of value val before the index-th node in the linked list. If index equals to the length of linked list, the node will be appended to the end of linked list. If index is greater than the length, the node will not be inserted. */
    public void addAtIndex(int index, int val) {
        if(index > size){return;}
        if(index < 0){index = 0;}
        ListNode cur = head;
        for(int i = 0; i < index; i++){
            cur = cur.next;
        }
        ListNode newNode = new ListNode(val);
        newNode.next = cur.next;
        cur.next.prev = newNode;
        newNode.prev = cur;
        cur.next = newNode;
        size++;
    }
    
    /** Delete the index-th node in the linked list, if the index is valid. */
    public void deleteAtIndex(int index) {
        if(index >= size || index < 0){return;}
        ListNode cur = head;
        for(int i = 0; i < index; i++){
            cur = cur.next;
        }
        cur.next.next.prev = cur;
        cur.next = cur.next.next;
        size--;
    }
}

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206、反转链表

public ListNode reverseList(ListNode head) {
    return reverse(null, head);
}

private ListNode reverse(ListNode prev, ListNode cur) {
    if (cur == null) {
        return prev;
    }
    ListNode temp;
    temp = cur.next;// 先保存下一个节点
    cur.next = prev;// 反转
    return reverse(cur, temp);
}