初始化参数文件的默认位置
 UNIX and Linux:
 默认命名规范:initORACLE_SID .ora 
 默认位置:ORACLE_HOME/ dbs
Windows :
 默认命名规范:initORACLE_SID .ora  
 默认位置:ORACLE_HOME\ database
   
   参数设置格式:
 ■ For parameters that accept only a single value:
  parameter_name=value
■ For parameters that accept one  or more values (such as the CONTROL_FILES  parameter):
  parameter_name=(value [,value ] ...)
  
  eg:
  control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl'
   control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control02.ctl'
   control_files='/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control03.ctl'
   
   control_files=(/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl,/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl,/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl)
   
   初始化参数文件的样例:
   $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/initORCL.ora
 The following is the content of the sample file:
 ##############################################################################
 # Example INIT.ORA file
 #
 # This file is provided by Oracle Corporation to help you start by providing
 # a starting point to customize your RDBMS installation for your site. 
 # 
 # NOTE: The values that are used in this file are only intended to be used
 # as a starting point. You may want to adjust/tune those values to your
 # specific hardware and needs. You may also consider using Database
 # Configuration Assistant tool (DBCA) to create INIT file and to size your
 # initial set of tablespaces based on the user input.
 ###############################################################################
  
 # Change '<ORACLE_BASE>' to point to the oracle base (the one you specify at
 # install time)
  
 db_name='ORCL'
 memory_target=1G
 processes = 150
 audit_file_dest='<ORACLE_BASE>/admin/orcl/adump'
 audit_trail ='db'
 db_block_size=8192
 db_domain=''
 db_recovery_file_dest='<ORACLE_BASE>/flash_recovery_area'
 db_recovery_file_dest_size=2G
 diagnostic_dest='<ORACLE_BASE>'
 dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=ORCLXDB)'
 open_cursors=300 
 remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
 undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
 # You may want to ensure that control files are created on separate physical
 # devices
 control_files = (ora_control1, ora_control2)
 compatible ='11.2.0'
 更改global_name
 global_name=db_name+db_domain
 db_name不能多于8个字符
  ALTER DATABASE RENAME GLOBAL_NAME to 
   
   
    LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST 与 LOG_ARCHIVE_DUPLEX_DEST 与FRA设置相冲突( LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1  隐式指向FRA)
    即设置了以上两个参数,就不能设置db_recovery_file_dest 与 db_recovery_file_dest_size这两个参数
    在RAC环境下各个节点这两个参数必须一样。
    
    
    
    如何查看那个进程使用内存资源最多:
   # top -c
    然后 shift m 
    eg:top - 22:14:32 up 1 day,  8:34,  3 users,  load average: 0.01, 0.14, 0.22
 Tasks: 145 total,   1 running, 144 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie
 Cpu(s):  0.0%us,  0.7%sy,  0.0%ni, 99.3%id,  0.0%wa,  0.0%hi,  0.0%si,  0.0%st
 Mem:    438828k total,   362560k used,    76268k free,     2400k buffers
 Swap:   917496k total,   120484k used,   797012k free,   248848k cached
  PID USER      PR  NI  VIRT  RES  SHR S %CPU %MEM    TIME+  COMMAND                                                                                                   
 16815 oracle    20   0  378m  68m  67m S  0.0 16.0   0:01.43 ora_smon_mynewdb                                                                                          
 16853 oracle    20   0  376m  36m  32m S  0.0  8.4   0:03.95 ora_cjq0_mynewdb                                                                                          
 16809 oracle    20   0  378m  35m  35m S  0.0  8.3   0:01.43 ora_dbw0_mynewdb                                                                                          
 16819 oracle    20   0  379m  34m  31m S  0.0  8.0   0:02.49 ora_mmon_mynewdb                                                                                          
  2807 root      10 -10 26608  25m 1720 S  0.0  6.1   0:00.24 iscsiuio                                                                                                  
 16839 oracle    20   0  405m  21m 5656 S  0.0  5.0   0:02.05 ora_arc3_mynewdb                                                                                          
 16908 oracle    20   0  376m  15m  12m S  0.0  3.5   0:00.29 oraclemynewdb (DESCRIPTION=(LOCAL=YES)(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=beq)))                                           
 17305 oracle    20   0  374m  14m  12m S  0.0  3.3   0:00.02 ora_w000_mynewdb                                                                                          
 16855 oracle    20   0  374m  13m  13m S  0.0  3.2   0:00.25 ora_q000_mynewdb                                                                                          
 16801 oracle    20   0  374m  11m  11m S  0.3  2.8   0:00.44 ora_dbrm_mynewdb                                                                                          
 16821 oracle    20   0  374m  10m  10m S  0.0  2.6   0:07.01 ora_mmnl_mynewdb                                                                                          
 16817 oracle    20   0  374m 9.8m 9708 S  0.0  2.3   0:00.18 ora_reco_mynewdb                                                                                          
 16805 oracle    20   0  374m 7996 7176 S  0.0  1.8   0:04.73 ora_dia0_mynewdb                                                                                          
 16811 oracle    20   0  389m 7988 7556 S  0.0  1.8   0:02.75 ora_lgwr_mynewdb                                                                                          
 16813 oracle    20   0  374m 7952 7584 S  0.0  1.8   0:02.99 ora_ckpt_mynewdb                                                                                          
 16791 oracle    20   0  374m 7280 6968 S  0.0  1.7   0:02.00 ora_pmon_mynewdb                                                                                          
 16807 oracle    20   0  374m 7068 6908 S  0.0  1.6   0:00.32 ora_mman_mynewdb                                                                                          
 16857 oracle    20   0  374m 6480 6424 S  0.0  1.5   0:00.16 ora_q001_mynewdb                                                                                          
 16841 oracle    20   0  374m 6040 5888 S  0.0  1.4   0:00.18 ora_qmnc_mynewdb                                                                                          
 17219 oracle    20   0  374m 5828 4544 S  0.3  1.3   0:01.97 ora_vkrm_mynewdb                                                                                          
 16837 oracle    20   0  389m 5384 5032 S  0.0  1.2   0:00.31 ora_arc2_mynewdb                                                                                          
 16835 oracle    20   0  405m 5324 5024 S  0.0  1.2   0:01.75 ora_arc1_mynewdb                                                                                          
 16833 oracle    20   0  389m 5308 4916 S  0.0  1.2   0:00.20 ora_arc0_mynewdb                                                                                          
 16869 oracle    20   0  374m 5276 5104 S  0.0  1.2   0:00.46 ora_smco_mynewdb                                                                                          
 16803 oracle    20   0  374m 4716 4540 S  0.0  1.1   0:00.40 ora_psp0_mynewdb                                                                                          
 16797 oracle    20   0  374m 4616 4456 S  0.0  1.1   0:00.28 ora_gen0_mynewdb                                                                                          
 16793 oracle    20   0  374m 4392 4292 S  0.0  1.0   0:02.67 ora_vktm_mynewdb                                                                                          
 16799 oracle    20   0  374m 4368 4292 S  0.0  1.0   0:00.55 ora_diag_mynewdb                                                                                          
 16825 oracle    20   0  374m 3972 3752 S  0.0  0.9   0:00.17 ora_s000_mynewdb                                                                                          
 16823 oracle    20   0  375m 3920 3704 S  0.0  0.9   0:00.18 ora_d000_mynewdb                                                                                          
  2812 root      10 -10  2824 2816 1892 S  0.0  0.6   0:14.82 iscsid                                                                                                    
  3831 root      39  19 25952 2344 1016 S  0.0  0.5   0:00.70 /usr/bin/python -tt /usr/sbin/yum-updatesd                                                                
 16907 oracle    20   0 37404 2256  852 S  0.0  0.5   0:00.18 sqlplus   as sysdba                                                                                       
  2667 root      20   0 27880 1740 1464 S  0.3  0.4   2:21.17 /usr/sbin/vmtoolsd                                                                                        
  3341 haldaemo  20   0  7200 1416  940 S  0.0  0.3   0:18.56 hald                                                                                                      
 16728 root      20   0 10216 1368 1076 S  0.3  0.3   0:01.58 sshd:  root@pts/3,pts/1                                                                                    
 17077 root      20   0  4768 1308  992 S  0.0  0.3   0:00.22 -bash                                                                                                     
  3825 root      20   0 43444 1120  904 S  0.0  0.3   1:00.96 /usr/bin/Xorg :0 -br -audit 0 -auth /var/gdm/:0.Xauth -nolisten tcp vt7                                   
 [root@oracle11g trace]# 
 [root@oracle11g trace]# 
                  
                  
                  
                  
                            
      
          
                
                
                
                
              
                
                
                
                
                
              
                
                
              
            
                  
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