Hierarchical Query Examples

Hierarchical Query Examples

CONNECT BY Example  

The following hierarchical query uses the CONNECTBY clause to define the relationship between employees and managers:

SELECT employee_id, last_name, manager_id
   FROM employees
   CONNECT BY PRIOR employee_id = manager_id;
EMPLOYEE_ID LAST_NAME                 MANAGER_ID
----------- ------------------------- ----------
        101 Kochhar                          100
        108 Greenberg                        101
        109 Faviet                           108
        110 Chen                             108
        111 Sciarra                          108
        112 Urman                            108
        113 Popp                             108
        200 Whalen                           101
        203 Mavris                           101
        204 Baer                             101
. . .

LEVEL Example  

The next example is similar to the preceding example, but uses the LEVEL pseudocolumn to show parent and child rows:

SELECT employee_id, last_name, manager_id, LEVEL
   FROM employees
   CONNECT BY PRIOR employee_id = manager_id;
EMPLOYEE_ID LAST_NAME                 MANAGER_ID      LEVEL
----------- ------------------------- ---------- ----------
        101 Kochhar                          100          1
        108 Greenberg                        101          2
        109 Faviet                           108          3
        110 Chen                             108          3
        111 Sciarra                          108          3
        112 Urman                            108          3
        113 Popp                             108          3
        200 Whalen                           101          2
        203 Mavris                           101          2
        204 Baer                             101          2
        205 Higgins                          101          2
        206 Gietz                            205          3
        102 De Haan                          100          1
...

START WITH Examples  

The next example adds a STARTWITH clause to specify a root row for the hierarchy and an ORDERBY clause using the SIBLINGS keyword to preserve ordering within the hierarchy:        // connect by层内排序 定义返回时同一父亲下各个兄弟之间的顺序。

SELECT last_name, employee_id, manager_id, LEVELHierarchical Queries
      FROM employees
      START WITH employee_id = 100
      CONNECT BY PRIOR employee_id = manager_id
      ORDER SIBLINGS BY last_name;
LAST_NAME                 EMPLOYEE_ID MANAGER_ID      LEVEL
------------------------- ----------- ---------- ----------
King                              100                     1
Cambrault                         148        100          2
Bates                             172        148          3
Bloom                             169        148          3
Fox                               170        148          3
Kumar                             173        148          3
Ozer                              168        148          3
Smith                             171        148          3
De Haan                           102        100          2
Hunold                            103        102          3
Austin                            105        103          4
Ernst                             104        103          4
Lorentz                           107        103          4
Pataballa                         106        103          4
Errazuriz                         147        100          2
Ande                              166        147          3
Banda                             167        147          3
...
In the hr.employees table, the employee Steven King is the head of the company and has no manager. Among his employees is John Russell, who is the manager of
department 80. If you update the employees table to set Russell as King's manager, you create a loop in the data:
UPDATE employees SET manager_id = 145
   WHERE employee_id = 100;
SELECT last_name "Employee",
   LEVEL, SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH(last_name, '/') "Path"
   FROM employees
   WHERE level <= 3 AND department_id = 80
   START WITH last_name = 'King'
   CONNECT BY PRIOR employee_id = manager_id AND LEVEL <= 4;
ERROR:

ORA-01436: CONNECT BY loop in user data

The NOCYCLE parameter in the CONNECTBY condition causes Oracle to return the rows in spite of the loop. The CONNECT_BY_ISCYCLE pseudocolumn shows you

which rows contain the cycle:
SELECT last_name "Employee", CONNECT_BY_ISCYCLE "Cycle",
   LEVEL, SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH(last_name, '/') "Path"
   FROM employees
   WHERE level <= 3 AND department_id = 80
   START WITH last_name = 'King'
   CONNECT BY NOCYCLE PRIOR employee_id = manager_id AND LEVEL <= 4
   ORDER BY "Employee", "Cycle", LEVEL, "Path";
Employee                       Cycle      LEVEL Path
------------------------- ---------- ---------- -------------------------
Abel                               0          3 /King/Zlotkey/Abel
Ande                               0          3 /King/Errazuriz/Ande
Banda                              0          3 /King/Errazuriz/BandaHierarchical Queries
Bates                              0          3 /King/Cambrault/Bates
Bernstein                          0          3 /King/Russell/Bernstein
Bloom                              0          3 /King/Cambrault/Bloom
Cambrault                          0          2 /King/Cambrault
Cambrault                          0          3 /King/Russell/Cambrault
Doran                              0          3 /King/Partners/Doran
Errazuriz                          0          2 /King/Errazuriz
Fox                                0          3 /King/Cambrault/Fox
...

CONNECT_BY_ISLEAF Example  

The following statement shows how you can use a hierarchical query to turn the values in a column into a comma-delimited list:

SELECT LTRIM(SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH (warehouse_id,','),',') FROM
   (SELECT ROWNUM r, warehouse_id FROM warehouses)
   WHERE CONNECT_BY_ISLEAF = 1
   START WITH r = 1
   CONNECT BY r = PRIOR r + 1
   ORDER BY warehouse_id;
LTRIM(SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH(WAREHOUSE_ID,','),',')
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
CONNECT_BY_ROOT Examples   The following example returns the last name of  each employee in department 110, each manager above that employee in the hierarchy, the number of levels between manager and employee, and the path between the two:
SELECT last_name "Employee", CONNECT_BY_ROOT last_name "Manager",
   LEVEL-1 "Pathlen", SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH(last_name, '/') "Path"
   FROM employees
   WHERE LEVEL > 1 and department_id = 110
   CONNECT BY PRIOR employee_id = manager_id
   ORDER BY "Employee", "Manager", "Pathlen", "Path";
Employee        Manager            Pathlen Path
--------------- --------------- ---------- ------------------------------
Gietz           Higgins                  1 /Higgins/Gietz
Gietz           King                     3 /King/Kochhar/Higgins/Gietz
Gietz           Kochhar                  2 /Kochhar/Higgins/Gietz
Higgins         King                     2 /King/Kochhar/Higgins
Higgins         Kochhar                  1 /Kochhar/Higgins
The following example uses a GROUPBY clause to return the total salary of each employee in department 110 and all employees below that employee in the hierarchy:
SELECT name, SUM(salary) "Total_Salary" FROM (
   SELECT CONNECT_BY_ROOT last_name as name, Salary
      FROM employees
      WHERE department_id = 110
      CONNECT BY PRIOR employee_id = manager_id)
      GROUP BY name
   ORDER BY name, "Total_Salary";
NAME                      Total_Salary
------------------------- ------------
Gietz                             8300
Higgins                          20300
King                             20300

Kochhar                          20300