目录
logging模块是Python内置的标准模块,主要用于输出运行日志,可以设置输出日志的等级、日志保存路径、日志文件回滚等;相比print,具备如下优点:
-
可以通过设置不同的日志等级,在release版本中只输出重要信息,而不必显示大量的调试信息;
-
print将所有信息都输出到标准输出中,严重影响开发者从标准输出中查看其它数据;logging则可以由开发者决定将信息输出到什么地方,以及怎么输出;
一、日志级别及输出格式设置
配置logging基本的设置,然后在控制台输出日志。
logging中可以选择很多消息级别,如debug、info、warning、error以及critical。通过赋予logger或者handler不同的级别,开发者就可以只输出错误信息到特定的记录文件,或者在调试时只记录调试信息。
# encoding: utf-8
import logging
if __name__ == '__main__':
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO, format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
logger.info("Start print log")
logger.debug("Do something")
logger.warning("Something maybe fail.")
logger.info("Finish")
1、日志级别设置为 INFO 输出信息
2019-12-01 19:04:03,625 - __main__ - INFO - Start print log
2019-12-01 19:04:03,625 - __main__ - DEBUG - Do something
2019-12-01 19:04:03,625 - __main__ - WARNING - Something maybe fail.
2019-12-01 19:04:03,626 - __main__ - INFO - Finish
2、日志级别设置为 DEBUG 输出信息
2019-12-01 19:11:30,626 - __main__ - INFO - Start print log
2019-12-01 19:11:30,626 - __main__ - DEBUG - Do something
2019-12-01 19:11:30,626 - __main__ - WARNING - Something maybe fail.
2019-12-01 19:11:30,627 - __main__ - INFO - Finish
3、logging.basicConfig 函数各参数:
-
filename:指定日志文件名;
-
filemode:和file函数意义相同,指定日志文件的打开模式,'w'或者'a';
-
format:指定输出的格式和内容,format可以输出很多有用的信息,
参数:作用
%(levelno)s:打印日志级别的数值
%(levelname)s:打印日志级别的名称
%(pathname)s:打印当前执行程序的路径,其实就是sys.argv[0]
%(filename)s:打印当前执行程序名
%(funcName)s:打印日志的当前函数
%(lineno)d:打印日志的当前行号
%(asctime)s:打印日志的时间
%(thread)d:打印线程ID
%(threadName)s:打印线程名称
%(process)d:打印进程ID
%(message)s:打印日志信息
datefmt:指定时间格式,同time.strftime();
level:设置日志级别,默认为logging.WARNNING;
stream:指定将日志的输出流,可以指定输出到sys.stderr,sys.stdout或者文件,默认输出到sys.stderr,当stream和filename同时指定时,stream被忽略;
4、日志消息等级
FATAL:致命错误
CRITICAL:特别糟糕的事情,如内存耗尽、磁盘空间为空,一般很少使用
ERROR:发生错误时,如IO操作失败或者连接问题
WARNING:发生很重要的事件,但是并不是错误时,如用户登录密码错误
INFO:处理请求或者状态变化等日常事务
DEBUG:调试过程中使用DEBUG等级,如算法中每个循环的中间状态
二、将日志写入到文件
1、将日志写入到文件
设置logging,创建一个FileHandler,并对输出消息的格式进行设置,将其添加到logger,然后将日志写入到指定的文件中,
# encoding: utf-8
"""
@author: sunxianpeng
@file: log_to_file.py
@time: 2019/12/1 19:16
"""
import logging
if __name__ == '__main__':
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
logger.setLevel(level=logging.INFO)
# 将日志写入当前路径下的 log.txt,没有文件会新建,不会将日志打印在控制台
handler = logging.FileHandler("log.txt")
handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
handler.setFormatter(formatter)
logger.addHandler(handler)
logger.info("Start print log")
logger.debug("Do something")
logger.warning("Something maybe fail.")
logger.info("Finish")
2、将日志同时输出到屏幕和日志文件
logger中添加StreamHandler,可以将日志输出到屏幕上,
# encoding: utf-8
"""
@author: sunxianpeng
@file: log_to_file.py
@time: 2019/12/1 19:16
"""
import logging
def log_to_file_and_control():
"""ogger中添加StreamHandler,可以将日志输出到屏幕上,"""
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
logger.setLevel(level=logging.INFO)
handler = logging.FileHandler("log.txt")
handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
handler.setFormatter(formatter)
console = logging.StreamHandler()
console.setLevel(logging.INFO)
console.setFormatter(formatter)
logger.addHandler(handler)
logger.addHandler(console)
logger.info("Start print log")
logger.debug("Do something")
logger.warning("Something maybe fail.")
logger.info("Finish")
if __name__ == '__main__':
log_to_file_and_control()
可以发现,logging有一个日志处理的主对象,其他处理方式都是通过addHandler添加进去,logging中包含的handler主要有如下几种,
handler名称:位置;作用
StreamHandler:logging.StreamHandler;日志输出到流,可以是sys.stderr,sys.stdout或者文件
FileHandler:logging.FileHandler;日志输出到文件
BaseRotatingHandler:logging.handlers.BaseRotatingHandler;基本的日志回滚方式
RotatingHandler:logging.handlers.RotatingHandler;日志回滚方式,支持日志文件最大数量和日志文件回滚
TimeRotatingHandler:logging.handlers.TimeRotatingHandler;日志回滚方式,在一定时间区域内回滚日志文件
SocketHandler:logging.handlers.SocketHandler;远程输出日志到TCP/IP sockets
DatagramHandler:logging.handlers.DatagramHandler;远程输出日志到UDP sockets
SMTPHandler:logging.handlers.SMTPHandler;远程输出日志到邮件地址
SysLogHandler:logging.handlers.SysLogHandler;日志输出到syslog
NTEventLogHandler:logging.handlers.NTEventLogHandler;远程输出日志到Windows NT/2000/XP的事件日志
MemoryHandler:logging.handlers.MemoryHandler;日志输出到内存中的指定buffer
HTTPHandler:logging.handlers.HTTPHandler;通过"GET"或者"POST"远程输出到HTTP服务器
3、日志回滚
什么是日志回滚?
将日志信息输出到一个单一的文件中,随着应用程序的持续使用,该日志文件会越来越庞大,进而影响系统的性能。因此,有必要对日志文件按某种条件进行切分,要切分日志文件。
分割日志的触发条件:大小、日期,或者大小加上日期。
说是切分,实际上是,当一个日志文件达到触发条件后,对日志文件进行重命名,之后再新建原来名称的日志文件(此时就是空文件了),新产生的日志就写入新的日志文件。
为啥叫回滚呢?当分割的日志文件达到指定数目的上限个数时,最老的日志文件就会被删除。
# encoding: utf-8
"""
@author: sunxianpeng
@file: logg_roll_back.py
@time: 2019/12/1 19:30
"""
import logging
from logging.handlers import RotatingFileHandler
if __name__ == '__main__':
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
logger.setLevel(level=logging.INFO)
# 定义一个RotatingFileHandler,最多备份3个日志文件,每个日志文件最大1K
rHandler = RotatingFileHandler("log.txt", maxBytes=1 * 256, backupCount=3)
rHandler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
rHandler.setFormatter(formatter)
console = logging.StreamHandler()
console.setLevel(logging.INFO)
console.setFormatter(formatter)
logger.addHandler(rHandler)
logger.addHandler(console)
logger.info("Start print log")
logger.debug("Do something")
logger.warning("Something maybe fail.")
logger.info("Finish")
三、捕获traceback,异常
Python中的traceback模块被用于跟踪异常返回信息,可以在logging中记录下traceback,
# encoding: utf-8
"""
@author: sunxianpeng
@file: log_traceback3.py
@time: 2019/12/1 19:34
"""
import logging
if __name__ == '__main__':
import logging
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
logger.setLevel(level=logging.INFO)
handler = logging.FileHandler("log.txt")
handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
handler.setFormatter(formatter)
console = logging.StreamHandler()
console.setLevel(logging.INFO)
logger.addHandler(handler)
logger.addHandler(console)
logger.info("Start print log")
logger.debug("Do something")
logger.warning("Something maybe fail.")
try:
open("traceback.txt", "rb")
except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
raise
except Exception:
logger.error("Faild to open traceback.txt from logger.error", exc_info=True)
logger.info("Finish")
Start print log
Something maybe fail.
Faild to open sklearn.txt from logger.error
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "F:/PythonProjects/python_study/common_used_package/logging/log_traceback.py", line 30, in <module>
open("sklearn.txt", "rb")
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'sklearn.txt'
Finish
四、多模块使用logging
主模块mainModule.py,
# encoding: utf-8
"""
@author: sunxianpeng
@file: mainModule.py
@time: 2019/12/1 19:37
"""
import logging
from common_used_package.logging import subModule
if __name__ == '__main__':
logger = logging.getLogger("mainModule")
logger.setLevel(level=logging.INFO)
handler = logging.FileHandler("log.txt")
handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
handler.setFormatter(formatter)
console = logging.StreamHandler()
console.setLevel(logging.INFO)
console.setFormatter(formatter)
logger.addHandler(handler)
logger.addHandler(console)
logger.info("creating an instance of subModule.subModuleClass")
a = subModule.SubModuleClass()
logger.info("calling subModule.subModuleClass.doSomething")
a.doSomething()
logger.info("done with subModule.subModuleClass.doSomething")
logger.info("calling subModule.some_function")
subModule.som_function()
logger.info("done with subModule.some_function")
子模块subModule.py,
# encoding: utf-8
"""
@author: sunxianpeng
@file: subModule.py
@time: 2019/12/1 19:37
"""
import logging
module_logger = logging.getLogger("mainModule.sub")
class SubModuleClass(object):
def __init__(self):
self.logger = logging.getLogger("mainModule.sub.module")
self.logger.info("creating an instance in SubModuleClass")
def doSomething(self):
self.logger.info("do something in SubModule")
a = []
a.append(1)
self.logger.debug("list a = " + str(a))
self.logger.info("finish something in SubModuleClass")
def som_function():
module_logger.info("call function some_function")
首先在主模块定义了logger'mainModule',并对它进行了配置,就可以在解释器进程里面的其他地方通过getLogger('mainModule')得到的对象都是一样的,不需要重新配置,可以直接使用。
定义的该logger的子logger,都可以共享父logger的定义和配置,所谓的父子logger是通过命名来识别,任意以'mainModule'开头的logger都是它的子logger,例如'mainModule.sub'。
实际开发一个application,首先可以通过logging配置文件编写好这个application所对应的配置,可以生成一个根logger,如'PythonAPP',然后在主函数中通过fileConfig加载logging配置,接着在application的其他地方、不同的模块中,可以使用根logger的子logger,如'PythonAPP.Core','PythonAPP.Web'来进行log,而不需要反复的定义和配置各个模块的logger。
五、通过JSON或者YAML文件配置logging模块
尽管可以在Python代码中配置logging,但是这样并不够灵活,最好的方法是使用一个配置文件来配置。在Python 2.7及以后的版本中,可以从字典中加载logging配置,也就意味着可以通过JSON或者YAML文件加载日志的配置。
1、通过JSON文件配置
JSON配置文件,
{
"version":1,
"disable_existing_loggers":false,
"formatters":{
"simple":{
"format":"%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s"
}
},
"handlers":{
"console":{
"class":"logging.StreamHandler",
"level":"DEBUG",
"formatter":"simple",
"stream":"ext://sys.stdout"
},
"info_file_handler":{
"class":"logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler",
"level":"INFO",
"formatter":"simple",
"filename":"info.log",
"maxBytes":"10485760",
"backupCount":20,
"encoding":"utf8"
},
"error_file_handler":{
"class":"logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler",
"level":"ERROR",
"formatter":"simple",
"filename":"errors.log",
"maxBytes":10485760,
"backupCount":20,
"encoding":"utf8"
}
},
"loggers":{
"my_module":{
"level":"ERROR",
"handlers":["info_file_handler"],
"propagate":"no"
}
},
"root":{
"level":"INFO",
"handlers":["console","info_file_handler","error_file_handler"]
}
}
通过JSON加载配置文件,然后通过logging.dictConfig配置logging,
# encoding: utf-8
"""
@author: sunxianpeng
@file: log_json.py
@time: 2019/12/1 19:45
"""
import json
import logging.config
import os
def setup_logging(default_path = "logging.json",default_level = logging.INFO,env_key = "LOG_CFG"):
path = default_path
print(os.path.abspath(path))
value = os.getenv(env_key,None)
if value:
path = value
if os.path.exists(path):
with open(path,"r") as f:
config = json.load(f)
logging.config.dictConfig(config)
else:
logging.basicConfig(level = default_level)
def func():
logging.info("start func")
logging.info("exec func")
logging.info("end func")
if __name__ == '__main__':
setup_logging(default_path="logging.json")
func()
2、通过YAML文件配置
通过YAML文件进行配置,比JSON看起来更加简介明了,
version: 1
disable_existing_loggers: False
formatters:
simple:
format: "%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s"
handlers:
console:
class: logging.StreamHandler
level: DEBUG
formatter: simple
stream: ext://sys.stdout
info_file_handler:
class: logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler
level: INFO
formatter: simple
filename: info.log
maxBytes: 10485760
backupCount: 20
encoding: utf8
error_file_handler:
class: logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler
level: ERROR
formatter: simple
filename: errors.log
maxBytes: 10485760
backupCount: 20
encoding: utf8
loggers:
my_module:
level: ERROR
handlers: [info_file_handler]
propagate: no
root:
level: INFO
handlers: [console,info_file_handler,error_file_handler]
通过YAML加载配置文件,然后通过logging.dictConfig配置logging,
# encoding: utf-8
"""
@author: sunxianpeng
@file: log_yaml.py
@time: 2019/12/1 19:50
"""
import yaml
import logging.config
import os
def setup_logging(default_path = "logging.yaml",default_level = logging.INFO,env_key = "LOG_CFG"):
path = default_path
value = os.getenv(env_key,None)
if value:
path = value
if os.path.exists(path):
with open(path,"r") as f:
config =yaml.load(f, Loader=yaml.FullLoader)
logging.config.dictConfig(config)
else:
logging.basicConfig(level = default_level)
def func():
logging.info("start func")
logging.info("exec func")
logging.info("end func")
if __name__ == '__main__':
setup_logging(default_path="logging.yaml")
func()